中考英語定語從句專講
定語從句:用來說明主句中某一名詞或代詞(有時也可說明整個主句或主句中一部分)而起定語作用的句子叫作定語從句。
一.詞引導的定語從句
1. 關系代詞用來指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞
句子成分 用于限制從句或非限制性從句 只用于限制性從句
代替人 代替物 代替人或物
主語 Who which that
主語 Whom which that
賓語 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which)
例1:This is the detective who came from London.
例2:The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
例3:The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例4:This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
2.關系代詞的用法
(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞,關系代詞一般只用that,不用which。例如:
All the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等詞修飾,關系代詞常用that,不用which, who,或whom。例如:
(3) 非限制性定語從句中,不能用關系代詞that,作賓語用的關系代詞也不能省略。例如:
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.
(4) which還有一種特殊用法,它可以引導從句修飾前面的整個主句,代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中,which可以作主語,也可以作賓語或表語,多數情況下意思是與and this 相似,并可以指人。例如:
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) that可指人或物,在從句中作表語,(指人作主語時多用who)僅用于限制性定語從句中。
(6) which可作表語,既可指人,以可指物。指人時,一般指從事某種職業或是有種特征.品性或才能的人。Which引導的定語從句可以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。
(7) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體,關系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個成員,則用who。
(8) 先行詞有兩個,一個指人,一個指物,關系代詞應該用that。例如:
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(9) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,關系代詞應該用 who 或whom,不用 which。例如:
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3.“介詞+關系代詞“是一個普遍使用的結構
(1) “介詞+關系代詞“可以引導限制性定語從句,也可以引導非限制性定語從句?!敖樵~+關系代詞“結構中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,關系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
(2) from where為“介詞+關系副詞“結構,但也可以引導定語從句。例如:
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語動詞,在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如:
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
二.關系副詞引導的定語從句
1.關系副詞也可以引導定語從句
關系副詞在從句中分別表示時間.地點或原因。關系副詞when在從句中充當時間狀語,where 充當地點狀語,why充當原因狀語。
2. that可引導定語從句表示時間.地點或原因
That有時可以代替關系副詞 when, where 或者why引導定語從句表示時間.地點或原因,在 that引導的這種定語從句中,that也可以省去。
三.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句
1.二者差異比較
限制定語從句緊跟先行詞,同先行詞這間一般不加逗號,僅修飾先行詞,可以由關系代詞.關系副詞或that來引導。非限制性定語從句僅作補充或說明,用逗號與主句隔開,既可修飾先行詞,又可修飾整個主句,不可用that引導。
2.關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇依據
(1) 弄清代替先行詞的關系詞在從句中作什么成分,作狀語的應選用關系副詞,作主語.賓語或表語的可選用關系代詞。
3. 先行詞與定語從句隔離
定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后,但定語從句與先行詞之間有時也會插入別的成分,構成先行詞與定語從句的隔離。例如:
1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.
2) He was the only person in this country who was invited.
四.As在定語從句中的用法
1. 引導限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
?。ǎ保゛s多與such 或the same連用,可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。
(2)as 也可單獨使用,引導非限制性定語從句,作用相當于which。例如:
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
?。ǎ常﹖he same… that與 the same …as在意思上是不同的。
2.As引導的非限制性定語從句的位置
as引導的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活,可以位于主句前面.中間或后面,一般用逗號與主句隔開,但which所引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如:
(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.
(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
定語從句:用來說明主句中某一名詞或代詞(有時也可說明整個主句或主句中一部分)而起定語作用的句子叫作定語從句。
一.詞引導的定語從句
1. 關系代詞用來指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞
句子成分 用于限制從句或非限制性從句 只用于限制性從句
代替人 代替物 代替人或物
主語 Who which that
主語 Whom which that
賓語 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which)
例1:This is the detective who came from London.
例2:The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
例3:The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例4:This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
?。玻P系代詞的用法
(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞,關系代詞一般只用that,不用which。例如:
All the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等詞修飾,關系代詞常用that,不用which, who,或whom。例如:
(3) 非限制性定語從句中,不能用關系代詞that,作賓語用的關系代詞也不能省略。例如:
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.
(4) which還有一種特殊用法,它可以引導從句修飾前面的整個主句,代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中,which可以作主語,也可以作賓語或表語,多數情況下意思是與and this 相似,并可以指人。例如:
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) that可指人或物,在從句中作表語,(指人作主語時多用who)僅用于限制性定語從句中。
(6) which可作表語,既可指人,以可指物。指人時,一般指從事某種職業或是有種特征.品性或才能的人。Which引導的定語從句可以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。
(7) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體,關系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個成員,則用who。
(8) 先行詞有兩個,一個指人,一個指物,關系代詞應該用that。例如:
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(9) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,關系代詞應該用 who 或whom,不用 which。例如:
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3.“介詞+關系代詞“是一個普遍使用的結構
(1) “介詞+關系代詞“可以引導限制性定語從句,也可以引導非限制性定語從句。“介詞+關系代詞“結構中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,關系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
(2) from where為“介詞+關系副詞“結構,但也可以引導定語從句。例如:
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語動詞,在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如:
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
二.關系副詞引導的定語從句
1.關系副詞也可以引導定語從句
關系副詞在從句中分別表示時間.地點或原因。關系副詞when在從句中充當時間狀語,where 充當地點狀語,why充當原因狀語。
2. that可引導定語從句表示時間.地點或原因
That有時可以代替關系副詞 when, where 或者why引導定語從句表示時間.地點或原因,在 that引導的這種定語從句中,that也可以省去。
三.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句
1.二者差異比較
限制定語從句緊跟先行詞,同先行詞這間一般不加逗號,僅修飾先行詞,可以由關系代詞.關系副詞或that來引導。非限制性定語從句僅作補充或說明,用逗號與主句隔開,既可修飾先行詞,又可修飾整個主句,不可用that引導。
2.關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇依據
(1) 弄清代替先行詞的關系詞在從句中作什么成分,作狀語的應選用關系副詞,作主語.賓語或表語的可選用關系代詞。
3. 先行詞與定語從句隔離
定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后,但定語從句與先行詞之間有時也會插入別的成分,構成先行詞與定語從句的隔離。例如:
1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.
2) He was the only person in this country who was invited.
四.As在定語從句中的用法
1. 引導限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
?。ǎ保゛s多與such 或the same連用,可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。
(2)as 也可單獨使用,引導非限制性定語從句,作用相當于which。例如:
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
(3)the same… that與 the same …as在意思上是不同的。
2.As引導的非限制性定語從句的位置
as引導的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活,可以位于主句前面.中間或后面,一般用逗號與主句隔開,但which所引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如:
(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.
(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.