【2024考綱解讀】

　　非謂語動(dòng)詞是高中英語教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，也是歷屆高考的重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目。命題熱點(diǎn)多是借助于基本概念，在語境中考查常用動(dòng)詞的各種非謂語形式以及個(gè)性動(dòng)詞后的非謂語形式。有時(shí)也涉及非謂語動(dòng)詞邏輯主語的一致性問題以及獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中非謂語的各種變化。其考點(diǎn)主要包括：

　　1．考查對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞的識(shí)別，要求明確句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義，掌握非謂語動(dòng)詞的基本用法。

　　2．考查不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語的區(qū)別，要求掌握一些常見動(dòng)詞后面所接賓語的形式。

　　3．考查非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語時(shí)的區(qū)別，尤其是不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語所表示的不同時(shí)間、邏輯關(guān)系和意義。現(xiàn)在分詞和不定式作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)的區(qū)別應(yīng)引起足夠重視。

　　4．考查非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式、完成式、被動(dòng)式及復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，要求掌握其構(gòu)成形式、所表示的時(shí)間以及邏輯關(guān)系。

　　201年高考將繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞的考查，而且對(duì)分詞的考查仍是重點(diǎn)。試題的測(cè)試點(diǎn)將呈現(xiàn)出“情景化”和“設(shè)問角度多樣化”的趨勢(shì)，但試題的難度不會(huì)太大。

　　一、非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語

　　1．不定式作狀語

　　不定式作狀語通常表示：(1)原因(多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、樂等的形容詞后)；(2)目的(可用so as to/in order to替換，但so as to一般不可置于句首)；(3)結(jié)果(常表出乎意料的結(jié)果，常為only to do)。

　　①We were very excited to hear the news.(原因)

　　②To get there on time I got up very early.(目的)

　　③He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.(結(jié)果)

　　2．現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

　　(1)現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系。

　　Not knowing what to do，he went to his parents for help.

　　由于不知怎么辦才好，他去找他父母幫忙。

　　(2)過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與句子主語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

　　Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.

　　如果對(duì)這些樹多關(guān)心一些，它們本來會(huì)長得更好。

　　(3)部分過去分詞來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語時(shí)不表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系，其前不用being。這樣的過去分詞及短語常見的有：seated(坐著的)、hidden(躲著)、stationed(駐扎)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿著)、tired of(厭煩了)等。

　　Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didn't hear the sound.

　　3．獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語

　　如果分詞作狀語的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，須在分詞前面加上它自己的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，其作用相當(dāng)于狀語從句；有時(shí)也用with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(with＋賓語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語)作狀語。

　　(1)名詞/主格代詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞

　　名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主謂關(guān)系。

　　The girl staring at him(＝As the girl stared at him)，he didn't know what to say.

　　女孩兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。

　　(2)名詞/主格代詞＋過去分詞

　　名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。

　　The problems solved(＝As the problems were solved)，the quality has been improved.

　　隨著問題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。

　　(3)名詞/主格代詞＋不定式

　　名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主謂關(guān)系，且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次具體性的動(dòng)作。

　　He is going to make a model plane，some old parts to help.

　　借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個(gè)飛機(jī)模型。

　　(4)with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(with＋賓語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語)作狀語，是用現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞還是動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，關(guān)鍵是看賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語之間的關(guān)系。

　　With time passing by(time和pass之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系)，he almost forgot everything in the past.

　　隨著時(shí)間的流逝，他幾乎忘記了過去所有的事情。

　　He sat on the chair，with his hands tied(hands和tie之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系)behind his back.

　　他坐在椅子上，雙手在背后捆著。

　　二、非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語、表語、賓語

　　1．非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語

　　(1)Laughing helps your body stay healthy and can even help you fight pain.(動(dòng)名詞作主語)

　　(2)To see is to believe.(不定式作主語)

　　(3)It is important to respect people.(不定式短語作主語，it作形式主語)

　　(4)It is no use crying over spilt milk.(動(dòng)名詞短語作主語，it作形式主語)

　　2．非謂語動(dòng)詞作表語

　　(1)動(dòng)名詞作表語時(shí)，說明主語的性質(zhì)，回答what引導(dǎo)的問句。

　　(2)不定式作表語時(shí)，說明主語尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或表示將來的動(dòng)作。

　　3．非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語

　　非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語的主要是不定式和動(dòng)名詞

　　(1)afford，agree，choose，determine，expect，decide，learn，offer，manage，hope，want，wish，promise，refuse，fail，pretend，happen等動(dòng)詞后跟不定式作賓語。

　　(2)appreciate，avoid，bear，consider，dislike，delay，enjoy，escape，finish，hate，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，postpone，resist，risk，stand，suggest等動(dòng)詞后跟動(dòng)名詞作賓語。

　　(3)以下動(dòng)詞后接不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語意義不同。

　　動(dòng)詞 接動(dòng)名詞作賓語 接不定式作賓語

　　remember 記得曾做過某事 記得要做某事

　　forget 忘記曾做過某事 忘記要做某事

　　try 嘗試做某事 努力做某事

　　regret 對(duì)做過的事表示后悔 對(duì)要做的事表示遺憾

　　mean 意味著做某事 企圖(打算)做某事

　　can't help 禁不住做某事 不能幫助做某事

　　go on 繼續(xù)做未完成的事 做完一件事后，接著做另一件事

　　stop 中斷正在做的事 中斷正在做的事，去做別的事

　　【特別提醒】

　　1．動(dòng)名詞作賓語時(shí)，可以帶邏輯主語。此時(shí)，邏輯主語可以是物主代詞、人稱代詞的賓格或所有格。

　　Do you mind my/me reading your paper?

　　你介意我看你的考卷嗎？

　　2．作賓語的動(dòng)名詞和不定式除了一般式和主動(dòng)式，還有完成式、被動(dòng)式。

　　完成式表示該動(dòng)作比謂語動(dòng)作先發(fā)生。否定式在doing/to do前加not。

　　(1)I regret not having taken her advice.(not須放在having前)

　　我感到遺憾，沒有聽從她的建議。

　　(2)They couldn't stand being treated like that.

　　他們不能忍受被那樣對(duì)待。

　　(3)He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job.

　　他決定幫我，但我假裝已經(jīng)完成工作了。

　　三、非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語

　　1．不定式作定語表未來的動(dòng)作且后置，它與所修飾的名詞或不定式代詞存在主謂、動(dòng)賓或同位關(guān)系。

　　You are the third one to enter the room.(主謂關(guān)系)

　　I have something important to say.(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)

　　He has no opportunity to go abroad.(同位關(guān)系)

　　2．動(dòng)名詞作定語多前置，表示所修飾的事物的性能和用途。

　　a reading room(＝ a room for reading)

　　3．現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行，可轉(zhuǎn)換為定語從句。

　　The question being discussed (＝which is being discussed) now is important.

　　4．過去分詞作定語表被動(dòng)和完成，也可轉(zhuǎn)換為定語從句。

　　The question discussed(＝which was discussed) yesterday is important.

　　四、非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語

　　1．a(chǎn)dvise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish等動(dòng)詞后面常用不定式作補(bǔ)語。如：

　　Tell the children not to play on the street.

　　The police warned us not to go out at night.

　　2．make/let/have等使役動(dòng)詞后面用不帶to的不定式作補(bǔ)語，但在被動(dòng)句中則使用帶to的不定式。如：

　　They make the students do too much homework every day.

　　The students are made to do too much homework every day.

　　3．感官動(dòng)詞后面可用不帶to的不定式或分詞作補(bǔ)語。

　　從時(shí)間上看，不定式表示發(fā)生或完成；現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行；過去分詞表示完成。

　　從邏輯關(guān)系上看，不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞與賓語之間存在著主謂關(guān)系；過去分詞與賓語之間存在著動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：

　　I saw him cross the street.

　　我看到他穿過了大街。

　　I saw him crossing the street.

　　我看到他正在穿過大街。

　　I saw him surrounded by a group of students.

　　我看到一群學(xué)生圍著他。

　　五、非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式、進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式

　　1．非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式均是在前面加not。

　　He pretended not to see me.

　　I regret not following his advice.

　　Not having tried his best，he failed in the exam.

　　2．不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式。

　　當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作(情況)發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，不定式要用進(jìn)行式。

　　The boy pretended to be working hard.

　　當(dāng)不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式要用完成式。

　　I happened to have seen the film.

　　當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語為不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)式。

　　The patient asked to be operated on at once.

　　3．動(dòng)名詞的完成式、被動(dòng)式、完成被動(dòng)式和帶有邏輯主語的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　We remembered having seen the film.

　　He came to the party without being invited.

　　He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.

　　His not knowing English troubled him a lot.

　　4．現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式和被動(dòng)式。

　　當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作早于謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞要用完成式。

　　Having done his homework，he played basketball.

　　當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語為其動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞要用被動(dòng)式。

　　The problem being discussed is very important.

　　Having been told many times，the naughty boy made the same mistake.

　　【高頻考點(diǎn)突破】

　　考點(diǎn)一、非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語

　　例1、【2024·重慶】11. Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way____ the sun and the stars.

　　A. used

　　B. having used

　　C. using

　　D. use

　　（2024福建卷）27.

　　the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.

　　A. Spending

　　B. Spent

　　C. Having spent

　　D. To spend

　　考點(diǎn)二、非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語、表語、賓語

　　例2、【2024·陜西】18. Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother

　　good care of at home.

　　A. taking

　　B. taken

　　C. take

　　D. be taken

　　【變式探究】（2024北京卷）35.The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without ______..

　　A. recognizing

　　B. being recognized

　　C. having recognized

　　D. having been recognized

　　考點(diǎn)、非謂語動(dòng)詞的否定式、進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式

　　例、【2024·浙江】18. Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it

　　live is quite another.

　　A. perform

　　B. performing

　　C. to perform

　　D. being performed

　　【變式探究】（2024浙江卷 ）14. Annie Salmon, disabled, is attended throughout her school days by a nurse _______ to guard her.

　　A. to appoint

　　B. appointing

　　C. appointed

　　D. having appointed

　　1.(2024·江蘇，24)Much time

　　(spend)sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems.

　　2.(2024·湖南，30)When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground,

　　(wonder)whether to stay or leave.

　　3.(2024·湖南，34)Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students

　　(talk)over what is bothering them.

　　4.(2024·北京，21)

　　(catch)the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.

　　5.(2024·北京，23)The park was full of people,

　　(enjoy)themselves in the sunshine.

　　6.(2024·北京，31)If

　　(accept)for the job, you'll be informed soon.

　　7.(2024·浙江，18)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it

　　(perform)live is quite another.

　　8.(2024·重慶，6)

　　(raise)in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star.

　　9.(2024·重慶，11)Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way

　　(use)the sun and the stars.

　　10.(2024·陜西，17)After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress，Anne Benedict went on

　　(thank)all the people who had helped in her career.

　　11.(2024·陜西，18)Back from his two－year medical service in Africa，Dr.Lee was very happy to see his mother

　　(take)good care of at home.

　　12.(2024·天津，5)

　　(absorb)in painting, John didn't notice evening approaching.

　　13.(2024·天津，8)

　　(work)for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.

　　14.(2024·安徽，27)

　　(ignore)the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.

　　15.(2024·福建，28)

　　(learn)more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.

　　16.(2024·福建，33)In recent years an English word “infosphere” has appeared，

　　(combine)the sense of “information” and “atmosphere”.

　　1.（2024安徽卷）32．While waiting for the opportunity to get

　　, Henry did his best to perform his duty.

　　A. promote

　　B. promoted

　　C. promoting

　　D. to promote

　　2.（2024北京卷）28. There are still many problems ______ before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.

　　A. solving

　　B. solved

　　C. being solved

　　D.to be solved

　　3.（2024大綱卷）23. Toady there are more airplanes _____ more people than ever before in the skies.

　　A. carry

　　B. carrying

　　C. carried