4) 使用連接詞時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng)：

　　連接代詞和連接副詞一般都表疑問(wèn)，但what, when和where等連接詞有兩種含義，一種表示疑問(wèn)，一種表示陳述。表陳述時(shí)，相當(dāng)于the thing that, the time when, the place where, 常意為“……的人/事”、“……的時(shí)間”、“……的地點(diǎn)”等。

　　e.g. This is where he once lived.

　　This is what I want to know.

　　That was when he did the experiment. 句式 意義 例句 That is why＋結(jié)果 “那就是……的原因” That is why we don’t trust him. That is because＋原因 “那是因?yàn)椤?That is because he often lies. The reason why...is that... “……的原因是……” The reason why we don’t trust him is that he often lies. 3. 比較三個(gè)句式 （六） 同位語(yǔ)從句

　　在主從復(fù)合句中作同位語(yǔ)的從句，叫同 位語(yǔ)從句。表示名詞的內(nèi)容，加以解釋。 同位語(yǔ)從句的基本用法： 1. 能接同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞：fact, idea, news, promise, information, message, belief, doubt, hope, opinion, possibility, thought, wish, truth, question, problem, reply, answer, report, suggestion, advice, order, warning等等。 2. that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句

　　e.g. We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals.

　　The problem that they can’t get here early is hard to solve. 溫馨提示

　　同位語(yǔ)從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，但根據(jù)接同位語(yǔ)的名詞不同，也可由whether, when, who, how, what, why等引導(dǎo)。 e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.

　　The question who was to blame has

　　never been settled. （七）引導(dǎo)名詞性從句只用whether 不用if的情況 1. 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句置于句首時(shí)：

　　e.g. Whether he can finish the work on

　　time is not clear. 2. 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)：

　　e.g. The problem is whether the meeting

　　will be held. 3. 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)：

　　e.g. I have no idea whether he is willing to

　　help us. 4. 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句前置時(shí)：

　　e.g. Whether they will join in the Winter Camp I don’t care. 5. 作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)：

　　e.g. We aren’t interested in whether he will agree with us or not. 6. 作動(dòng)詞discuss的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)：

　　e.g. We are now discussing whether we should group these three companies. 7. 其后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)：

　　e.g. Can you tell me whether to go or to

　　stay? 8. 與or not直接連用時(shí)，用whether，即whether or not，如果分開(kāi)時(shí)，兩者都可以，即whether/ if... or not。

　　e.g. I don’t care whether or not he has a

　　holiday.

　　＝I don’t care whether/ if he has a

　　holiday or not. （八）同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 1. 同位語(yǔ)從句既“說(shuō)明、修飾”先行詞，又“等同”于先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句“修飾、限制”先行詞，由“關(guān)系詞”替代先行詞，在從句中充當(dāng)成分。

　　e.g. We are delighted at the news that we

　　are going to spend our summer

　　vacation in Dalian.

　　(同位語(yǔ)從句)

　　Neither of us showed any interest in

　　the news that John told us yesterday.

　　(定語(yǔ)從句) 2. that在從句中的作用

　　同位語(yǔ)從句中that為連接詞，只起連接作用，在從句中不作成分，一般也不能省略；定語(yǔ)從句中的that為關(guān)系代詞，在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略。

　　e.g. The news (that) he told me surprised

　　me. (定語(yǔ)從句)

　　The news that he gave in surprised

　　me. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 3. 其他引導(dǎo)詞的使用

　　引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的詞除連接詞that外，還可用whether，連接代詞who，what及連接副詞when, where, how, why等；引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞除that外，還有關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, which, as以及關(guān)系副詞when, where, why。 （九） wh-ever和“no matter＋wh-”

　　wh-ever既可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，又可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，而no matter wh-只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。 e.g. Whatever/ No matter what I said，he

　　wouldn’t listen to me.

　　(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　He would believe whatever/ anything

　　that I said.

　　(賓語(yǔ)從句)

　　名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。考查要點(diǎn)主要是連接代詞和副詞的正確使用，主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序，雙重連接詞以及特殊句型的使用等。其考點(diǎn)主要包括：

　　1. 名詞性從句的連接詞。如：有詞義的連接代詞who, whose, whom, what, which; 連接副詞when, where, why, how; 從屬連詞that, whether, if, as if; 無(wú)詞義的that在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時(shí)可省略。

　　2. 名詞性從句的語(yǔ)序和時(shí)態(tài)。 3. it作形式主語(yǔ)、形式賓語(yǔ)的情況。

　　如： 1) It＋be＋形容詞＋that從句 2) It＋be＋過(guò)去分詞＋that從句 3) It＋be＋名詞＋that從句 4) It＋不及物動(dòng)詞(appear, happen等)＋that從句 4. 名詞性從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如： 1) It is (was)＋essential (important, natural…)＋that…；

　　2) It is (was) suggested (demanded, wished, desired…) that…等。

　　5. what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的語(yǔ)義功能和語(yǔ)法功能。如：what＝the thing that/ anything that…；what＝the place that…；what＝the time that…；what＝the person that…等。 6. whoever, whatever, whichever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的語(yǔ)義功能和語(yǔ)法功能。

　　重點(diǎn)考查連接詞that, what的用法； 特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句； wh-ever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。

　　從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入 空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。 The best moment for the football star was _____ he scored the winning goal.?

　　A. where?????????????? ?????? B. when ???????

　　C. how??? ???????????????????? D. why B 2. “Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is _____ my mother used to tell me. ? A. what?? ???????????????????? B. how??????????

　　C. that ?? ???????????????????? D. whether 3. Some people believe _____ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.

　　A. whatever??? ??????????? B. whenever??

　　C. wherever ? ???????????? D. however A A 4. It is difficult for us to imagine _____ life was like for slaves in the ancient world.?

　　A. where ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. what??

　　C. which??????? ????????????? D. why

　　5. _____ the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.?

　　A. Why ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. When?

　　C. That?????????? ????????????? D. What B B 6. I think _____ impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.?

　　A. what ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. that?? ?????

　　C. which ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. who 7. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.?

　　A. how ?????????????????????? B. that? ???????

　　C. which ?????????????????? D. whether B A 8.? I have no idea _____ the cell phone isn’t working, so could you fix it for me???

　　A. what ?????????????? ?????? B. why ????????

　　C. if ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. which 9. The limits of a person’s intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but _____ he reaches these limits will depend on his environment.

　　A. where ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. whether ???

　　C. that ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. why

　　B B 10. Scientists study _____ human brains work to make computers.? A. when? ????? ????????????? B. how?????? ?????

　　C. that?? ????? ????????????? D. whether B （一） 名詞性從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能

　　名詞性從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句。名詞性從句主要有四種從句結(jié)構(gòu)：以that引導(dǎo)的從句；以whether/ if引導(dǎo)的從句，以特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的從句；以what或wh-ever等連接代詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性關(guān)系從句。此外，as if/ as though也可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。具體用法見(jiàn)下表： （二）名詞性從句的連接詞

　　引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞有：從屬連詞、連接代詞和連接副詞。 1. 從屬連詞：that(本身無(wú)意義)，whether(是否)，if(是否)。只起連接作用，在從句中不作任何成分。 2. 連接代詞：who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whoever等。它們除起連接作用外，還可在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。 3. 連接副詞：when(＝the time when什么時(shí)候，何時(shí))，where(＝the place where什么地方，何地)，how(＝the way that/in which怎樣，以……方式，如何)，why＝the reason why為什么)。它們除起連接作用，還在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。 溫馨提示 what與that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別： 1. what在名詞性從句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)，意義上相當(dāng)于the thing(s) that，引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)依句意而定。

　　e.g. What the lecturer said is very valuable.

　　We wonder what he will do next. 2. that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句不充當(dāng)任何句子成分，只起連接作用，無(wú)任何意義。引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，常被省略。

　　e.g. That she will refuse the offer seems

　　unlikely.

　　I have found (that) all the tickets have

　　been sold out.

　　It is a pity that you missed such a fine

　　talk. （三）主語(yǔ)從句 1. 主語(yǔ)從句的基本用法 1) that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，that起連接作用，無(wú)詞義，在從句中不作成分，一般不能省略。

　　e.g. That we are invited to a concert this

　　evening is good news to us.

　　＝It is good news to us that we are

　　invited to a concert this evening. 2) whether引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句可放在句首，也可放在句尾；if引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句只能放在句尾，前面需要it作形式主語(yǔ)。whether/ if 起連接作用，“是否”，在從句中不作成分。

　　e.g. Whether he will go there or not is not

　　clear.

　　It is doubtful whether/ if the work

　　can be completed. 3) wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句：

　　wh-類連接詞包括wh-類的連接代詞(who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever等)和連接副詞(when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however等)。what, when和wh-ever類的詞有時(shí)可不表疑問(wèn)。wh-類連接代詞在句中既起連接作用，又可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。wh-類連接副詞在句中起連接作用，在從句中可充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式狀語(yǔ)。 2. 主語(yǔ)從句的單復(fù)數(shù)問(wèn)題 1) 從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。

　　e.g. That he will come and help us is certain.

　　Who will go to the energy conference is

　　not important. 2) what引導(dǎo)的從句作主語(yǔ)，表示單數(shù)概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；表示復(fù)數(shù)概念，則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用復(fù)數(shù)。

　　e.g. What he said is true.

　　What he needs are books.

　　（四） 賓語(yǔ)從句 1. 賓語(yǔ)從句的基本用法： 1) 動(dòng)詞后接賓語(yǔ)從句的用法：

　　e.g. I know that he is friendly and

　　hospitable.

　　Go to stamp sales and buy whatever

　　you can afford. 溫馨提示 doubt, doubtful與sure后名詞性從句連接詞 that, whether, if的選擇。 ①當(dāng)doubt, doubtful用于肯定句時(shí)，后面的名詞性從句的連接詞常用whether或if；當(dāng)doubt, doubtful用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，后面名詞性從句的連接詞用that。

　　e.g. I doubt whether/ if he is at home.

　　We don’t doubt that they can complete

　　the task ahead of time.

　　It is doubtful whether it is true or not.

　　②當(dāng)be sure用于肯定句時(shí)，后面的賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞常用that；當(dāng)be sure用于否定句時(shí)，后面的賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞常用whether或if。

　　e.g. We are sure that he is innocent.

　　The old man didn’t seem to be sure

　　whether/ if he had met me. 2) 介詞及形容詞后接賓語(yǔ)從句的用法：

　　e.g. We are talking about whether we

　　admit students into our club.

　　He was interested in whatever he saw there.

　　He is pleased that he has passed a tough test. 溫馨提示 ①一般情況下介詞后只能用wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。

　　e.g. I am surprised at what he said. ②介詞后如果接that從句，要先加上it，再加that從句，即“介詞＋it＋that...”結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　e.g. You may depend on it that they will

　　support you. ③介詞except, but, besides及in后可接that從句。

　　e.g. I know nothing about him except

　　that he lives here. ④常接賓語(yǔ)從句的形容詞有sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied, sorry等。

　　e.g. I’m afraid he won’t attend our

　　wedding. 3) that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句： e.g. We are glad that so many old friends will

　　attend our tea party.

　　The headmaster said that the school

　　reports had been sent off. 溫馨提示

　　在suggest, demand, order, insist等動(dòng)詞之后的賓語(yǔ)從句中用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，“(should＋)動(dòng)詞原形”。 e.g. He suggested that we (should) set about

　　doing the work at once. 4) whether/ if 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：

　　e.g. I’ll try to find out whether/ if the

　　machine is in good condition. 溫馨提示 ①whether/ if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句表示“是否”的意思時(shí)，一般情況下可互換。 ②if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以有否定式，而whether從句則沒(méi)有。

　　e.g. I don’t care if he doesn’t come. 5) 特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：

　　由who, what, how, which, whose, where, why等詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，可作動(dòng)詞、介詞及形容詞的賓語(yǔ)。

　　e.g. I can’t imagine how he did it.

　　We are worrying about what we

　　should do next.

　　I wasn’t certain whose house I was

　　in. 溫馨提示

　　如果疑問(wèn)詞是介詞的賓語(yǔ)，介詞可位于從句句首或句末。 e.g. I didn’t know in which building they

　　lived.

　　＝I didn’t know which building they

　　lived in. 2. 賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài) 1) 主句為現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)

　　主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用任何所需要的時(shí)態(tài)。

　　e.g. She says that she works from

　　Monday to Friday.

　　I know he didn’t tell you that he

　　would come then.

　　He will tell me what happened to him

　　during my absence. 2) 主句為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)

　　主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。

　　e.g. He said there were no classes

　　yesterday afternoon.

　　He asked me if I was reading the

　　book Red and Black when he came in. 3) 表示客觀事實(shí)或真理

　　如果從句表示客觀事實(shí)或真理，不管主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是何時(shí)態(tài)，從句都要用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。

　　e.g. The teacher said that the world is

　　made up of matter. （五） 表語(yǔ)從句 1. 表語(yǔ)從句的基本用法 1) 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語(yǔ)＋系動(dòng)詞＋表語(yǔ)從句，常用的系動(dòng)詞有be，seem，remain，look等。

　　e.g. My idea is that you should make good

　　use of your time.

　　It seems that he has been to America. 2) as if/ as though引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句，系動(dòng)詞通常為look，seem，sound等，從句可以用陳述語(yǔ)氣，也可以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

　　e.g. It looks as if it is/ were going to snow.

　　3) that和what引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：

　　that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，起連接作用，沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，不作句子成分；what引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，既充當(dāng)連接代詞，又作句子成分。

　　e.g. Our plan is that we’ll go there once a

　　week.

　　That’s what he said.

　　4) 由連接副詞引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句：

　　連接副詞where，why，when等引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，分別在從句中作地點(diǎn)、原因、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。