SAT寫作中事例素材的積累至關重要。本文將為大家介紹奧地利心理學家，精神分析理論創始 弗洛伊德。

　　西格蒙德弗洛伊德(Sigmund Freud，1856-1939)，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫生及精神分析學家，精神分析學派的創始人。他認為被壓抑的欲望絕大部分是屬于性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著有《性學三論》、《夢的解析》、《圖騰與禁忌》、《日常生活的心理病理學》、《精神分析引論》、《精神分析引論新編》等。

　　Sigismund Freud is a medical doctor and founder of psychoanalysis. At the age of four, Freud s family relocated to Vienna, where he lived and worked for the majority of his life. Freud attended medical school at the University of Vienna where he focused his studies on biology for six years under the instruction of the renowned German scientist Ernst Br cke. In 1881, Freud received his medical degree and initially sought work at Vienna General Hospital before setting up a private practice in the treatment of psychological disorders.

　　In 1885, Freud went to Paris where he became familiar with the technique of hypnosis. He soon deemed the effects of hypnosis as temporary and adopted an alternative method of treatment suggested by his friend Josef Breuer. Breuer felt that if troubled patients were encouraged to talk freely, their symptoms would eventually subside. Hence the term free association was adopted. Freud and Breur further collaborated and developed the notion that many phobias were rooted in traumatic childhood experiences. The two doctors formulated that a patient needed to confront these past issues in order to let go of the phobia. They published their theory in Studies in Hysteria , and their findings were considered revolutionary.

　　Freud and Breuer eventually parted because of differences in opinion . Freud continued to work on his own and in 1900 he published The Interpretation of Dreams, which documented his own self-analysis. The book defined dreams as representations of repressed desires and was widely considered Freud s greatest work.

　　In his studies of child development, Freud concluded that between the ages of three and five children reached a turning point where they felt a strong attraction to the parent of the opposite sex . Freud s bold psychoanalytic theory, with its emphasis on sexuality, was thought to be scandalous and generally not well received. However, in 1908 the first International Psychoanalytical Congress was held in Saltzburg. Shortly after, Freud received recognition for his feats in psychology and a year later he was called upon to give lectures in America.

　　Freudian theory was built upon the foundations of both medical science and philosophy. As a scientist, Freud was interested in seeing how the human mind affected the body particularly by studying paranoia, hysteria, and other mental illnesses. As a theorist, he explored basic truths about how personalities are formed. In 1923, Freud ventured so far as to develop a model of the human mind, consisting of three elements -- the ego, the id, and the superego. During his creatively productive life, Freud published over twenty volumes of theory and clinical studies in which he coined concepts and terms, including libido, subconsciousness and inferiority complex, that permeated Western culture.

　　In 1886, Freud married Martha Bernays with whom he had six children. Anna Freud, the youngest child, served as a subject in many of Freud s child development studies. The two maintained an extremely close relationship, and Anna became her father s colleague and eventually his successor. In 1937, Freud sought asylum in England following Hitler s annexation of Austria and a ban on psychoanalysis. Freud and his family settled in Hampstead, London until his death from mouth cancer in 1939.

　　弗洛伊德的一些理論已經成為西方文化中廣為接受的關鍵概念，而他的理論本身，例如兒童時期對成年生活的重大影響，也常常可以成為SAT寫作的論據。希望以上介紹可以對各位考生有所幫助。

　　SAT寫作中事例素材的積累至關重要。本文將為大家介紹奧地利心理學家，精神分析理論創始 弗洛伊德。

　　西格蒙德弗洛伊德(Sigmund Freud，1856-1939)，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫生及精神分析學家，精神分析學派的創始人。他認為被壓抑的欲望絕大部分是屬于性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著有《性學三論》、《夢的解析》、《圖騰與禁忌》、《日常生活的心理病理學》、《精神分析引論》、《精神分析引論新編》等。

　　Sigismund Freud is a medical doctor and founder of psychoanalysis. At the age of four, Freud s family relocated to Vienna, where he lived and worked for the majority of his life. Freud attended medical school at the University of Vienna where he focused his studies on biology for six years under the instruction of the renowned German scientist Ernst Br cke. In 1881, Freud received his medical degree and initially sought work at Vienna General Hospital before setting up a private practice in the treatment of psychological disorders.

　　In 1885, Freud went to Paris where he became familiar with the technique of hypnosis. He soon deemed the effects of hypnosis as temporary and adopted an alternative method of treatment suggested by his friend Josef Breuer. Breuer felt that if troubled patients were encouraged to talk freely, their symptoms would eventually subside. Hence the term free association was adopted. Freud and Breur further collaborated and developed the notion that many phobias were rooted in traumatic childhood experiences. The two doctors formulated that a patient needed to confront these past issues in order to let go of the phobia. They published their theory in Studies in Hysteria , and their findings were considered revolutionary.

　　Freud and Breuer eventually parted because of differences in opinion . Freud continued to work on his own and in 1900 he published The Interpretation of Dreams, which documented his own self-analysis. The book defined dreams as representations of repressed desires and was widely considered Freud s greatest work.

　　In his studies of child development, Freud concluded that between the ages of three and five children reached a turning point where they felt a strong attraction to the parent of the opposite sex . Freud s bold psychoanalytic theory, with its emphasis on sexuality, was thought to be scandalous and generally not well received. However, in 1908 the first International Psychoanalytical Congress was held in Saltzburg. Shortly after, Freud received recognition for his feats in psychology and a year later he was called upon to give lectures in America.

　　Freudian theory was built upon the foundations of both medical science and philosophy. As a scientist, Freud was interested in seeing how the human mind affected the body particularly by studying paranoia, hysteria, and other mental illnesses. As a theorist, he explored basic truths about how personalities are formed. In 1923, Freud ventured so far as to develop a model of the human mind, consisting of three elements -- the ego, the id, and the superego. During his creatively productive life, Freud published over twenty volumes of theory and clinical studies in which he coined concepts and terms, including libido, subconsciousness and inferiority complex, that permeated Western culture.

　　In 1886, Freud married Martha Bernays with whom he had six children. Anna Freud, the youngest child, served as a subject in many of Freud s child development studies. The two maintained an extremely close relationship, and Anna became her father s colleague and eventually his successor. In 1937, Freud sought asylum in England following Hitler s annexation of Austria and a ban on psychoanalysis. Freud and his family settled in Hampstead, London until his death from mouth cancer in 1939.

　　弗洛伊德的一些理論已經成為西方文化中廣為接受的關鍵概念，而他的理論本身，例如兒童時期對成年生活的重大影響，也常常可以成為SAT寫作的論據。希望以上介紹可以對各位考生有所幫助。