1、類比在ISSUE中的應(yīng)用。

　　ISSUE是立論文，也就是說(shuō)，我們需要用理由或例子去支持自己的觀點(diǎn)。在英語(yǔ)中有個(gè)單詞叫comparable，直譯的話是可比較的，其實(shí)它等同于similar這個(gè)單詞，因?yàn)樵谖鞣轿幕校挥邢嗨频臇|西才具有可比較性。因此相似性也就成為了整個(gè)類比關(guān)系的前提和基礎(chǔ)。

　　個(gè)人認(rèn)為，類比在上述提到的五種論據(jù)方法中是最有邏輯性的，使用得當(dāng)可以省力又出彩地證明觀點(diǎn)。它有點(diǎn)像中學(xué)時(shí)代所學(xué)的幾何題，解題的關(guān)鍵不在論證的過(guò)程，而是添加一條輔助線。只要找到合適的輔助線，論證就是水到渠成的事了。當(dāng)我們想論證一個(gè)抽象復(fù)雜的命題AB 時(shí)，我們可以選擇一個(gè)具體形象并且不需要證明的D來(lái)作為輔助線，然后就把原本復(fù)雜的AB的論證過(guò)程替代為論述AB和CD之間的相似性就可以了。這里需要指出的是，所謂具體形象且不需要證明的CD其實(shí)指的就是事實(shí)或常識(shí)。所以類比關(guān)系建立的難點(diǎn)就在與選擇合適的CD。我們來(lái)看個(gè)例子。

　　The Negro has callus growing on his soul and its getting harder and harder to hurt him there. Thats simple law of nature. Like a callus on the foot in a shoe thats too tight. The foot is natures and that shoe was put on by man. The tight shoe will pinch your foot and make you holler and scream. But sooner or later， if you dont take the shoe off， a callus will form on the foot and begin to wear out the shoe.

　　Its the same with the Negro in America. That shoethe white mans systemhas pinched and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it almost destroyed him. But it didnt. And now a callus has formed on his soul， and unless that system is adjusted to fit him， too， that callus is going to wear out that system.

　　很顯然在這段文字中，作者想證明的是全文第二段的最后一句話：And now a callus has formed on his soul， and unless that system is adjusted to fit him， too， that callus is going to wear out that system.簡(jiǎn)而言之，就是黑人終將沖破白人統(tǒng)治。

　　黑人反抗白人統(tǒng)治獲得解放這無(wú)疑是個(gè)非常抽象復(fù)雜的命題。采用一般的例證法，學(xué)生們都不約而同能想馬丁.路德.金。且不管例子雷同與否，事實(shí)上，很少有人能真正清楚又準(zhǔn)確地寫(xiě)出馬丁.路德.金的具體事跡來(lái)證明這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。甚至還有學(xué)生會(huì)想到曼德拉或奧巴馬來(lái)證明，實(shí)在有失偏頗。

　　現(xiàn)在我們?cè)賮?lái)看上面這段文字。作者很巧妙地找了CD，即 footshoe之間的關(guān)系。 鞋子小了，腳穿著會(huì)疼，如果不及時(shí)脫掉或調(diào)整，腳上會(huì)產(chǎn)生老繭。如果鞋子繼續(xù)對(duì)腳進(jìn)行禁錮，那么總有一天，腳會(huì)把鞋子穿破。這是一個(gè)再平常不過(guò)的道理，不需要再花時(shí)間進(jìn)行論證，括號(hào)里的就是AB和CD間的相似性，輕松論證了這個(gè)復(fù)雜的命題，這就是類比的魅力。

　　下面再給大家一段文字來(lái)體會(huì)類比的妙用。

　　It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make， independently， the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy. International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the worlds energy resources for future generations.

　　Another reason why an international effort is required is that other problems of an international nature have also required global cooperation. For example， has each nation independently recognized the folly of nuclear weapons proliferation and voluntarily disarmed? No. Only by way of an international effort， based largely on coercion of strong leaders against detractors， along with an appeal to self-interest， have we made some progress. By the same token， efforts of individual nations to thwart international drug trafficking have proven largely futile， because efforts have not been internationally based. Similarly， the problem of energy conservation transcends national borders in that either all nations must cooperate， or all will ultimately suffer.

　　類比，這種說(shuō)理手段對(duì)大家而言其實(shí)并不陌生.在中國(guó)古文中如《老子》，《莊子》等都很擅長(zhǎng)把深刻的道理用顯而易見(jiàn)的故事來(lái)講述出來(lái)，比如刻舟求劍等。另一方面，在詩(shī)歌中也會(huì)采用大量類比或比喻的手段來(lái)把抽象的意境具體化地表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。這里選用幾句Tagore 飛鳥(niǎo)集中的句子來(lái)賞析一下希望能給大家些靈感:

　　Her wishful face haunts my dreams like the rain at night

　　Woman， when you move about in your household service your limbs sing like a hill stream among its pebbles.

　　The touch of the nameless days clings to my heart like mosses round the old tree.

　　2、類比在ARGUMENT中的運(yùn)用。

　　Argument是駁論性文章，也就是找一段文字中的錯(cuò)誤，進(jìn)行有理有據(jù)的駁斥。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，argument比issue容易些，因?yàn)殄e(cuò)誤的類別其實(shí)很固定的，俗稱七宗罪。在這七宗罪中就有三宗是跟類比有關(guān)系的，分別是：misapplied generalization;hasty generalization;faulty analogy。不管是哪一種錯(cuò)誤，只要是跟類比扯上關(guān)系，在駁斥時(shí)，我們都可以把它簡(jiǎn)化成一件事找相異性。因?yàn)閷?duì)于類比關(guān)系而言，它成立的前提和基礎(chǔ)就是相似性，所以只要找到所比較兩者間的相異性，那么再有邏輯的推理也是不成立的。我們舉個(gè)很簡(jiǎn)單的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明這個(gè)道理。如有這樣一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：

　　你應(yīng)該請(qǐng)?jiān)诎＠锟说呐蓪?duì)中請(qǐng)的那支相同的樂(lè)隊(duì)，因?yàn)樗麄兒馨簟?/p>

　　在進(jìn)行駁斥時(shí)，千萬(wàn)不要花時(shí)間去論證埃里克所請(qǐng)的那支樂(lè)隊(duì)是否很棒，這不是問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。關(guān)鍵是找到兩個(gè)派對(duì)的相異性，只要能證明這兩個(gè)派對(duì)沒(méi)有可比性，那么無(wú)論那支樂(lè)隊(duì)棒或不棒，都不該請(qǐng)。我們可以從派對(duì)參與人數(shù)，派對(duì)參與對(duì)象，派對(duì)場(chǎng)所等等方面提出假設(shè)，進(jìn)行駁斥。

　　1、類比在ISSUE中的應(yīng)用。

　　ISSUE是立論文，也就是說(shuō)，我們需要用理由或例子去支持自己的觀點(diǎn)。在英語(yǔ)中有個(gè)單詞叫comparable，直譯的話是可比較的，其實(shí)它等同于similar這個(gè)單詞，因?yàn)樵谖鞣轿幕校挥邢嗨频臇|西才具有可比較性。因此相似性也就成為了整個(gè)類比關(guān)系的前提和基礎(chǔ)。

　　個(gè)人認(rèn)為，類比在上述提到的五種論據(jù)方法中是最有邏輯性的，使用得當(dāng)可以省力又出彩地證明觀點(diǎn)。它有點(diǎn)像中學(xué)時(shí)代所學(xué)的幾何題，解題的關(guān)鍵不在論證的過(guò)程，而是添加一條輔助線。只要找到合適的輔助線，論證就是水到渠成的事了。當(dāng)我們想論證一個(gè)抽象復(fù)雜的命題AB 時(shí)，我們可以選擇一個(gè)具體形象并且不需要證明的D來(lái)作為輔助線，然后就把原本復(fù)雜的AB的論證過(guò)程替代為論述AB和CD之間的相似性就可以了。這里需要指出的是，所謂具體形象且不需要證明的CD其實(shí)指的就是事實(shí)或常識(shí)。所以類比關(guān)系建立的難點(diǎn)就在與選擇合適的CD。我們來(lái)看個(gè)例子。

　　The Negro has callus growing on his soul and its getting harder and harder to hurt him there. Thats simple law of nature. Like a callus on the foot in a shoe thats too tight. The foot is natures and that shoe was put on by man. The tight shoe will pinch your foot and make you holler and scream. But sooner or later， if you dont take the shoe off， a callus will form on the foot and begin to wear out the shoe.

　　Its the same with the Negro in America. That shoethe white mans systemhas pinched and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it almost destroyed him. But it didnt. And now a callus has formed on his soul， and unless that system is adjusted to fit him， too， that callus is going to wear out that system.

　　很顯然在這段文字中，作者想證明的是全文第二段的最后一句話：And now a callus has formed on his soul， and unless that system is adjusted to fit him， too， that callus is going to wear out that system.簡(jiǎn)而言之，就是黑人終將沖破白人統(tǒng)治。

　　黑人反抗白人統(tǒng)治獲得解放這無(wú)疑是個(gè)非常抽象復(fù)雜的命題。采用一般的例證法，學(xué)生們都不約而同能想馬丁.路德.金。且不管例子雷同與否，事實(shí)上，很少有人能真正清楚又準(zhǔn)確地寫(xiě)出馬丁.路德.金的具體事跡來(lái)證明這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。甚至還有學(xué)生會(huì)想到曼德拉或奧巴馬來(lái)證明，實(shí)在有失偏頗。

　　現(xiàn)在我們?cè)賮?lái)看上面這段文字。作者很巧妙地找了CD，即 footshoe之間的關(guān)系。 鞋子小了，腳穿著會(huì)疼，如果不及時(shí)脫掉或調(diào)整，腳上會(huì)產(chǎn)生老繭。如果鞋子繼續(xù)對(duì)腳進(jìn)行禁錮，那么總有一天，腳會(huì)把鞋子穿破。這是一個(gè)再平常不過(guò)的道理，不需要再花時(shí)間進(jìn)行論證，括號(hào)里的就是AB和CD間的相似性，輕松論證了這個(gè)復(fù)雜的命題，這就是類比的魅力。

　　下面再給大家一段文字來(lái)體會(huì)類比的妙用。

　　It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make， independently， the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy. International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the worlds energy resources for future generations.

　　Another reason why an international effort is required is that other problems of an international nature have also required global cooperation. For example， has each nation independently recognized the folly of nuclear weapons proliferation and voluntarily disarmed? No. Only by way of an international effort， based largely on coercion of strong leaders against detractors， along with an appeal to self-interest， have we made some progress. By the same token， efforts of individual nations to thwart international drug trafficking have proven largely futile， because efforts have not been internationally based. Similarly， the problem of energy conservation transcends national borders in that either all nations must cooperate， or all will ultimately suffer.

　　類比，這種說(shuō)理手段對(duì)大家而言其實(shí)并不陌生.在中國(guó)古文中如《老子》，《莊子》等都很擅長(zhǎng)把深刻的道理用顯而易見(jiàn)的故事來(lái)講述出來(lái)，比如刻舟求劍等。另一方面，在詩(shī)歌中也會(huì)采用大量類比或比喻的手段來(lái)把抽象的意境具體化地表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。這里選用幾句Tagore 飛鳥(niǎo)集中的句子來(lái)賞析一下希望能給大家些靈感:

　　Her wishful face haunts my dreams like the rain at night

　　Woman， when you move about in your household service your limbs sing like a hill stream among its pebbles.

　　The touch of the nameless days clings to my heart like mosses round the old tree.

　　2、類比在ARGUMENT中的運(yùn)用。

　　Argument是駁論性文章，也就是找一段文字中的錯(cuò)誤，進(jìn)行有理有據(jù)的駁斥。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，argument比issue容易些，因?yàn)殄e(cuò)誤的類別其實(shí)很固定的，俗稱七宗罪。在這七宗罪中就有三宗是跟類比有關(guān)系的，分別是：misapplied generalization;hasty generalization;faulty analogy。不管是哪一種錯(cuò)誤，只要是跟類比扯上關(guān)系，在駁斥時(shí)，我們都可以把它簡(jiǎn)化成一件事找相異性。因?yàn)閷?duì)于類比關(guān)系而言，它成立的前提和基礎(chǔ)就是相似性，所以只要找到所比較兩者間的相異性，那么再有邏輯的推理也是不成立的。我們舉個(gè)很簡(jiǎn)單的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明這個(gè)道理。如有這樣一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：

　　你應(yīng)該請(qǐng)?jiān)诎＠锟说呐蓪?duì)中請(qǐng)的那支相同的樂(lè)隊(duì)，因?yàn)樗麄兒馨簟?/p>

　　在進(jìn)行駁斥時(shí)，千萬(wàn)不要花時(shí)間去論證埃里克所請(qǐng)的那支樂(lè)隊(duì)是否很棒，這不是問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。關(guān)鍵是找到兩個(gè)派對(duì)的相異性，只要能證明這兩個(gè)派對(duì)沒(méi)有可比性，那么無(wú)論那支樂(lè)隊(duì)棒或不棒，都不該請(qǐng)。我們可以從派對(duì)參與人數(shù)，派對(duì)參與對(duì)象，派對(duì)場(chǎng)所等等方面提出假設(shè)，進(jìn)行駁斥。