2023年的職稱英語基礎(chǔ)知識解析：名詞性從句/狀語從句
2023年職稱英語基礎(chǔ)知識解析：名詞性從句/狀語從句
從句使用的目的： 為了表述比較復(fù)雜的語意;
從句結(jié)構(gòu)要在句子中充當(dāng)某種語法功能;
在一篇文章中各種從句結(jié)構(gòu)常常是頻繁出現(xiàn)，如：語言難度為C級的文章The Sea中的第一段:
What do you know about the sea? We know that it looks very pretty when the sun is shining on itWe also know that it can be very rough when there is a strong wind. What other things do we know about it?
小結(jié):
從句通常有連詞引導(dǎo);
有些從句結(jié)構(gòu)與主句中的某些結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生直接關(guān)系, 有些從句與主句在語意上呈現(xiàn)明顯的邏輯關(guān)系
這個(gè)段落中的從句結(jié)構(gòu)與句子主句結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系清晰明了, 因此這些從句所在的復(fù)合句也很容易理解。 但有時(shí)候, 從句在句子所起的語法功能可能會(huì)由于句子使用了特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)而變得不很清晰，如：
形式主語結(jié)構(gòu):
e.g. It was reported that the bank was robbed of more than one million dollars.
主語從句
e.g. It is certain that we shall succeed.
主語從句
rob sb./sth. of sth./盜劫某人搶奪某人，使某人/某物喪失
特殊搭配結(jié)構(gòu):
e.g. We take it that you would be appointed the director of the sales department.
賓語從句
sb. take it that /某人以為
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型:
e.g. It is the factory that we have been wanting to visit.
e.g. It is I who am fortunate.
有時(shí)從句與主句中的相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系還可能會(huì)由于在從句與主句之間插入了某些結(jié)構(gòu)而變得不很清晰，如：
I consider the news to be false that he was fired.
從句結(jié)構(gòu)作為考試中必須掌握的重要語法點(diǎn), 在復(fù)習(xí)中我們要注意掌握引導(dǎo)各種從句結(jié)構(gòu)的典型連詞, 掌握從句結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中所起的語法功能, 了解對引導(dǎo)從句結(jié)構(gòu)的連詞的處理, 了解在一些特殊句子結(jié)構(gòu)中從句的使用。
l 名詞性從句
一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句組成的句子稱為復(fù)合句Complex sentence。主句是句子的主體，從句只用作句子的一個(gè)成分而從屬于主句。從句種類由從句在句中所起的作用而定。充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、同位語、定語和狀語的從句分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。其中主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句在句中的作用相當(dāng)于名詞通常在句中所起的作用，因而統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句。
引導(dǎo)這些從句的詞主要有三類：
1. 從屬連詞：that ，whether ，if
2. 連接代詞：who, whom, whose, what, which
3. 連接副詞：when, where, why, how
從屬連詞只起連接作用;連接代詞和連接副詞除可起連接作用外，還充當(dāng)句中的某一成分。
Ⅰ、主語從句
e.g. That the sea covers about three-fourths of the earths surface is well known.
e.g. Which design is more practical is still a question.
按照英語習(xí)慣，有些句子可用it作形式主語，放在句首，而將主語從句放在后面，使句子更為平衡。如上面的句子可改為：
e.g. It is well known that the sea covers about three-fourths of the earths surface.
e.g. It is still a question which design is more practical.
小結(jié):
主語從句通常位于主語的位置上, 但是有時(shí)也可能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾部分. 當(dāng)句子的主語是從句結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí), 謂語部分應(yīng)該使用單數(shù)的形式.
Ⅱ、賓語從句
賓語從句可以作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語。
e.g. They tell me the math course is difficult.
e.g. I wonder whether the refrigerator is large enough.
e.g. Please let me know when the telephone will be installed.
e.g. He informed me of what they wanted.
比較:
e.g. Please inform him of the fact that Ive seen her.
注：
1. 賓語從句通常緊跟在動(dòng)詞和介詞的后面。
2. 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞that在口語和非正式文體中常可省略。
3. whether和if都可以表示是否的意思，在口語中常可以互換，如上面第2個(gè)例句，I wonder后面既可用whether也可以用if引出賓語從句，意思不變。但如果作為介詞的賓語，或后面跟有or not，或引出主語從句時(shí)，則只用whether而不用if，如：
e.g. It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation.
e.g. Tell me whether you like the handbag or not.
e.g. Whether they will join us hasnt been made clear.
他們是否參加我們的活動(dòng)還不清楚。
Ⅲ、表語從句
表語從句與系詞一起構(gòu)成主句的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。
e.g. My problem is how we can reduce this high temperature.
我的問題是我們怎么能夠降低這樣的高溫。
e.g. Our conclusion is that, in view of 由于the drought, there is only enough water for two days.
for： 就而言
e.g. It is rather cold for January.
e.g. She is clever for her age
e.g. It seems that it is going to rain. 表語從句
It seems that 好像，似乎
It seems to me that 我想，我以為
e.g. The cloth feels as if it were made of silk. 表語從句
Ⅳ、同位語從句
同位語從句用以說明名詞的內(nèi)容，使之明確而具體化。跟有同位語從句的名詞通常是一些需要進(jìn)一步說明其具體內(nèi)容與含義的名詞。如conclusion, doubt, fact, fear, hope, idea, news, opinion, suggestion等。從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)也可由whether, what, when, where, why, how等引出。
e.g.There is no doubt that he will succeed.
毫無疑問，他一定成功。
e.g.My opinion that no action need be taken yet is shared by most of us here.
我的意見是現(xiàn)在還不需要采取行動(dòng)，這是我們這里大多數(shù)人的共識。
They havent have any idea when it is proper to take action. 對于什么時(shí)候適合采取行動(dòng), 他們還沒有任何想法. /他們還沒有想出什么時(shí)候適合采取行動(dòng)
提示:
在翻譯的過程中對同位語從句常常可以采取的處理方式是: 添詞+ 結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換 或者采用詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法+ 結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換法
接下來我們看看實(shí)際考題中的句子：
Effects of Environmental Pollution
Two spectres haunting conservationists have been the prospect)that environmental pollution might lead to the planets becoming unbearably hot or cold. One of these ghosts has now been laid, because it seems that even an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to eight times its present value will produce an increase in temperature of only 2C, which would take place over several thousand years.
2023年職稱英語基礎(chǔ)知識解析：名詞性從句/狀語從句
從句使用的目的： 為了表述比較復(fù)雜的語意;
從句結(jié)構(gòu)要在句子中充當(dāng)某種語法功能;
在一篇文章中各種從句結(jié)構(gòu)常常是頻繁出現(xiàn)，如：語言難度為C級的文章The Sea中的第一段:
What do you know about the sea? We know that it looks very pretty when the sun is shining on itWe also know that it can be very rough when there is a strong wind. What other things do we know about it?
小結(jié):
從句通常有連詞引導(dǎo);
有些從句結(jié)構(gòu)與主句中的某些結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生直接關(guān)系, 有些從句與主句在語意上呈現(xiàn)明顯的邏輯關(guān)系
這個(gè)段落中的從句結(jié)構(gòu)與句子主句結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系清晰明了, 因此這些從句所在的復(fù)合句也很容易理解。 但有時(shí)候, 從句在句子所起的語法功能可能會(huì)由于句子使用了特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)而變得不很清晰，如：
形式主語結(jié)構(gòu):
e.g. It was reported that the bank was robbed of more than one million dollars.
主語從句
e.g. It is certain that we shall succeed.
主語從句
rob sb./sth. of sth./盜劫某人搶奪某人，使某人/某物喪失
特殊搭配結(jié)構(gòu):
e.g. We take it that you would be appointed the director of the sales department.
賓語從句
sb. take it that /某人以為
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型:
e.g. It is the factory that we have been wanting to visit.
e.g. It is I who am fortunate.
有時(shí)從句與主句中的相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系還可能會(huì)由于在從句與主句之間插入了某些結(jié)構(gòu)而變得不很清晰，如：
I consider the news to be false that he was fired.
從句結(jié)構(gòu)作為考試中必須掌握的重要語法點(diǎn), 在復(fù)習(xí)中我們要注意掌握引導(dǎo)各種從句結(jié)構(gòu)的典型連詞, 掌握從句結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中所起的語法功能, 了解對引導(dǎo)從句結(jié)構(gòu)的連詞的處理, 了解在一些特殊句子結(jié)構(gòu)中從句的使用。
l 名詞性從句
一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句組成的句子稱為復(fù)合句Complex sentence。主句是句子的主體，從句只用作句子的一個(gè)成分而從屬于主句。從句種類由從句在句中所起的作用而定。充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、同位語、定語和狀語的從句分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。其中主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句在句中的作用相當(dāng)于名詞通常在句中所起的作用，因而統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句。
引導(dǎo)這些從句的詞主要有三類：
1. 從屬連詞：that ，whether ，if
2. 連接代詞：who, whom, whose, what, which
3. 連接副詞：when, where, why, how
從屬連詞只起連接作用;連接代詞和連接副詞除可起連接作用外，還充當(dāng)句中的某一成分。
Ⅰ、主語從句
e.g. That the sea covers about three-fourths of the earths surface is well known.
e.g. Which design is more practical is still a question.
按照英語習(xí)慣，有些句子可用it作形式主語，放在句首，而將主語從句放在后面，使句子更為平衡。如上面的句子可改為：
e.g. It is well known that the sea covers about three-fourths of the earths surface.
e.g. It is still a question which design is more practical.
小結(jié):
主語從句通常位于主語的位置上, 但是有時(shí)也可能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾部分. 當(dāng)句子的主語是從句結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí), 謂語部分應(yīng)該使用單數(shù)的形式.
Ⅱ、賓語從句
賓語從句可以作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語。
e.g. They tell me the math course is difficult.
e.g. I wonder whether the refrigerator is large enough.
e.g. Please let me know when the telephone will be installed.
e.g. He informed me of what they wanted.
比較:
e.g. Please inform him of the fact that Ive seen her.
注：
1. 賓語從句通常緊跟在動(dòng)詞和介詞的后面。
2. 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞that在口語和非正式文體中常可省略。
3. whether和if都可以表示是否的意思，在口語中常可以互換，如上面第2個(gè)例句，I wonder后面既可用whether也可以用if引出賓語從句，意思不變。但如果作為介詞的賓語，或后面跟有or not，或引出主語從句時(shí)，則只用whether而不用if，如：
e.g. It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation.
e.g. Tell me whether you like the handbag or not.
e.g. Whether they will join us hasnt been made clear.
他們是否參加我們的活動(dòng)還不清楚。
Ⅲ、表語從句
表語從句與系詞一起構(gòu)成主句的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。
e.g. My problem is how we can reduce this high temperature.
我的問題是我們怎么能夠降低這樣的高溫。
e.g. Our conclusion is that, in view of 由于the drought, there is only enough water for two days.
for： 就而言
e.g. It is rather cold for January.
e.g. She is clever for her age
e.g. It seems that it is going to rain. 表語從句
It seems that 好像，似乎
It seems to me that 我想，我以為
e.g. The cloth feels as if it were made of silk. 表語從句
Ⅳ、同位語從句
同位語從句用以說明名詞的內(nèi)容，使之明確而具體化。跟有同位語從句的名詞通常是一些需要進(jìn)一步說明其具體內(nèi)容與含義的名詞。如conclusion, doubt, fact, fear, hope, idea, news, opinion, suggestion等。從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，有時(shí)也可由whether, what, when, where, why, how等引出。
e.g.There is no doubt that he will succeed.
毫無疑問，他一定成功。
e.g.My opinion that no action need be taken yet is shared by most of us here.
我的意見是現(xiàn)在還不需要采取行動(dòng)，這是我們這里大多數(shù)人的共識。
They havent have any idea when it is proper to take action. 對于什么時(shí)候適合采取行動(dòng), 他們還沒有任何想法. /他們還沒有想出什么時(shí)候適合采取行動(dòng)
提示:
在翻譯的過程中對同位語從句常常可以采取的處理方式是: 添詞+ 結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換 或者采用詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法+ 結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換法
接下來我們看看實(shí)際考題中的句子：
Effects of Environmental Pollution
Two spectres haunting conservationists have been the prospect)that environmental pollution might lead to the planets becoming unbearably hot or cold. One of these ghosts has now been laid, because it seems that even an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to eight times its present value will produce an increase in temperature of only 2C, which would take place over several thousand years.
