英語講義【103】句型不同,句義有別
在《詞序不同,句義有異》一文里,談到形似義異的句子。這里要從句型的變化來看句義的不同。最后還要看看同一個(gè)句子,卻有兩個(gè)意思。
先看句型不同,句義有別的句子。
① We/watched/ the sunset.
② We/watched/the sun/set.
①里的句型是主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語。②里的句型是主語+動(dòng)詞+ 賓語+不帶的不定式動(dòng)詞。①的意思是某人看某事;② 的意思是某人看某事發(fā)生。
③ Tom/ is/ going to play.
④ Tom/ is going/ to school.
③的句型是主語+動(dòng)詞+補(bǔ)足語。④里的句型是主語+動(dòng)詞+ 副詞短語。③的意思是湯姆將要去玩耍。④的意思是湯姆在去學(xué)校途中。
⑤ The cow/ is used/ to do the farm work.
⑥ The cow/ is/ used to doing the farm work.
⑤是被動(dòng)語態(tài)(the passive voice);⑥是主動(dòng)語態(tài)(the active voice)。⑤的句型是主語+助動(dòng)詞+過去分詞+不定式動(dòng)詞短語。
⑥的句型是主語+動(dòng)詞+補(bǔ)足語。注意⑥的補(bǔ)足語(the complement)是個(gè)形容詞短語used to,意思是習(xí)慣于,如:
⑦ Are you used to eating in a canteen?
⑧ Some people are not used to living in a foreign land.
最后來看看一些一句二義的句子:
⑨ All schools here have trained teachers.
a. All schools here HAVE TRAINED teachers.
b. All schools here have TRAINED teachers.
(a)指的是在訓(xùn)練教師;(b)指的是有受過訓(xùn)練的教師。
⑩ Mr Li is a Chinese dress tailor.
a. Mr Li is a CHINESE dress tailor.
b. Mr Li is a CHINESE DRESS tailor.
(a)里的李先生是個(gè)華籍裁縫師;(b)里的李先生是個(gè)華人服裝的裁縫師。
(11) Jenny doesnt have a single companion.
a. Jenny doesnt have A SINGLE companion.
b. Jenny doesnt have a SINGLE companion.
(a)里的珍妮連一個(gè)同伴都沒有;(b)里的珍妮沒有未婚的同伴。
(12) It is good news that his wife is expecting.
這句話蘊(yùn)涵著兩個(gè)意思:
(a)他太太在等待的是個(gè)好消息;(b)有個(gè)好消息,就是他太太快生產(chǎn)了。
(a)和(b)的不同根源于that his wife is expecting這句話。它可以是形容詞從句(the adjective clause),也可以是名詞從句(the noun clause)。
根據(jù)(a)的語義,所需的是個(gè)形容詞從句。根據(jù)(b)的意思,需要的是充當(dāng)同位語的名詞從句(the noun clause as the noun in apposition)。
下面這個(gè)that small名詞從句也是名詞The fact的同位語;
(13) The fact that our country is small is undeniable.
在《詞序不同,句義有異》一文里,談到形似義異的句子。這里要從句型的變化來看句義的不同。最后還要看看同一個(gè)句子,卻有兩個(gè)意思。
先看句型不同,句義有別的句子。
① We/watched/ the sunset.
② We/watched/the sun/set.
①里的句型是主語+動(dòng)詞+賓語。②里的句型是主語+動(dòng)詞+ 賓語+不帶的不定式動(dòng)詞。①的意思是某人看某事;② 的意思是某人看某事發(fā)生。
③ Tom/ is/ going to play.
④ Tom/ is going/ to school.
③的句型是主語+動(dòng)詞+補(bǔ)足語。④里的句型是主語+動(dòng)詞+ 副詞短語。③的意思是湯姆將要去玩耍。④的意思是湯姆在去學(xué)校途中。
⑤ The cow/ is used/ to do the farm work.
⑥ The cow/ is/ used to doing the farm work.
⑤是被動(dòng)語態(tài)(the passive voice);⑥是主動(dòng)語態(tài)(the active voice)。⑤的句型是主語+助動(dòng)詞+過去分詞+不定式動(dòng)詞短語。
⑥的句型是主語+動(dòng)詞+補(bǔ)足語。注意⑥的補(bǔ)足語(the complement)是個(gè)形容詞短語used to,意思是習(xí)慣于,如:
⑦ Are you used to eating in a canteen?
⑧ Some people are not used to living in a foreign land.
最后來看看一些一句二義的句子:
⑨ All schools here have trained teachers.
a. All schools here HAVE TRAINED teachers.
b. All schools here have TRAINED teachers.
(a)指的是在訓(xùn)練教師;(b)指的是有受過訓(xùn)練的教師。
⑩ Mr Li is a Chinese dress tailor.
a. Mr Li is a CHINESE dress tailor.
b. Mr Li is a CHINESE DRESS tailor.
(a)里的李先生是個(gè)華籍裁縫師;(b)里的李先生是個(gè)華人服裝的裁縫師。
(11) Jenny doesnt have a single companion.
a. Jenny doesnt have A SINGLE companion.
b. Jenny doesnt have a SINGLE companion.
(a)里的珍妮連一個(gè)同伴都沒有;(b)里的珍妮沒有未婚的同伴。
(12) It is good news that his wife is expecting.
這句話蘊(yùn)涵著兩個(gè)意思:
(a)他太太在等待的是個(gè)好消息;(b)有個(gè)好消息,就是他太太快生產(chǎn)了。
(a)和(b)的不同根源于that his wife is expecting這句話。它可以是形容詞從句(the adjective clause),也可以是名詞從句(the noun clause)。
根據(jù)(a)的語義,所需的是個(gè)形容詞從句。根據(jù)(b)的意思,需要的是充當(dāng)同位語的名詞從句(the noun clause as the noun in apposition)。
下面這個(gè)that small名詞從句也是名詞The fact的同位語;
(13) The fact that our country is small is undeniable.