怎樣寫好英語段落（三）之一

　　　　段落發展手段及結尾段寫法

　　　　在上一講我們講了主題句，推展句寫法；這一講我們要進一步來談一談段落發展幾種手段以及結尾段寫法。段落發展幾種手段：

　　　　1、列舉法（details）

　　　　作者運用列舉法，是通過列舉一系列論據對topic sentence中擺出論點進行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉順序可以按照所列各點內容相對重要性、時間、空間等進行。

　　　　Yesterday as one of those aful days for me hen everything I did ent rong. First，I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for ork. Then，I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting ith my boss. During the coffee break，I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my ne skirt. At lunch time，I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that as in it. After lunch，my boss as angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said et Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. hen I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a indo to get in and cut my hand.

　　　　根據本段主題句中關鍵詞組everything I did ent rong，作者列舉了8點內容，分別由first，then，during the coffee break，after lunch time等連接詞語引出，使得該文條理清楚、脈絡分明、內容連貫。常用于列舉法過渡連接詞有：for one thing ，for another，finally，besides，moreover，one another ，still another，first，second，also等。

　　　　2、舉例法（example）

　　　　作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句內容，嚴格地講，舉例法也是列舉法一種，它們區別在于：列舉法側重羅列事實，所列事實力求全面；而舉例法側重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點，且事例可多可少。我們來看下面這個用舉例法展開段落。

　　　　There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example，those ho enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example，if they prefer to exercise alone，they can have a run or take a alk in the morning or in the evening. Besides，people can go simming in the summer and go skating in the inter. In short，no matter hat their interests are，people can alays find more than one sports that are suitable to them.

　　　　本段采用了三個事例來說明主題句中關鍵詞組different forms of exercises，這三個例子分別由連接詞for example，for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引導結尾句總結全段內容。舉例法中常用連接詞有：for example（instance），one example is，besides，furthermore，moreover，in addition等。

　　　　3、敘述法（narration）

　　　　敘述法發展段落主要是按照事物本身時間或空間排列順序，通過對一些特有過渡連接詞使用，有層次分步驟地表達主題句一種寫作手段。用這種方法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章含義，例如：

　　　　In the flat opposite，a oman heard the noise outside. hen she looked out through the indo，she discovered that her neighbor as threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In anser to the call，a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen ent inside the flat at once，and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.

　　　　這段是按照事物發展先后順序，敘述從發現案情、報警、到警察趕到、包圍現場過程。全文脈絡清晰，敘述層次感強，結構緊湊。常用于敘述法中過渡連接詞有：first，an the beginning，to start ith，after that，later，then，afterards，in the end，finally等。

　　　　4、對比法或比較法（comparison contrast）

　　　　將同類事物按照某種特定規則進行比較分析是一種常用思維方法。通過對比，更容易闡述所述對象之間異同和優缺點，例如：

　　　　The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes，or transistors. Its electronic circuits ork a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.

　　　　在這段文字上，作者為了突出電子計算機運行速度之快，首先將它與人腦進行了比較， a thousand times faster than ；而后，又將這一概念具體到了a problem上，通過對比使讀者從 a long time in one minute上有更加直觀認識。

　　　　常用于對本法或比較法上過渡連接詞有：than，compared ith等。

　　　　5、分類法（classification）

　　　　在闡述某一概念段落中，常用分類法。通過對概念中所包括事物進行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰認識，如：

　　　　Ever since humans have lived on the earth，they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally，this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. hen there is a language barrier，communication is accomplished through sign language in hich motions stand for letters，ords and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of hole ords are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally；spelling，hoever，cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions，either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval，hile shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags，Morse code，and picture signs.

　　　　在該段中為了說明topic sentence中various forms of communication，作者將其分為oral speech，sign language，body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加闡述。

　　　　采用這種方法段落并沒有標志突出連接詞，所述各項均為平行并列關系，所以沒有明顯主次之分。

　　　　6、因果分析法（cause and effect）

　　　　在闡述某一現象段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：

　　　　The role of omen in todays society is changing. One reason is that omen have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the omens movement. Also，omen are aare of the altern

　　怎樣寫好英語段落（三）之一

　　　　段落發展手段及結尾段寫法

　　　　在上一講我們講了主題句，推展句寫法；這一講我們要進一步來談一談段落發展幾種手段以及結尾段寫法。段落發展幾種手段：

　　　　1、列舉法（details）

　　　　作者運用列舉法，是通過列舉一系列論據對topic sentence中擺出論點進行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉順序可以按照所列各點內容相對重要性、時間、空間等進行。

　　　　Yesterday as one of those aful days for me hen everything I did ent rong. First，I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for ork. Then，I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting ith my boss. During the coffee break，I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my ne skirt. At lunch time，I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that as in it. After lunch，my boss as angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting. Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said et Paint and so I spoilt my jacket too. hen I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a indo to get in and cut my hand.

　　　　根據本段主題句中關鍵詞組everything I did ent rong，作者列舉了8點內容，分別由first，then，during the coffee break，after lunch time等連接詞語引出，使得該文條理清楚、脈絡分明、內容連貫。常用于列舉法過渡連接詞有：for one thing ，for another，finally，besides，moreover，one another ，still another，first，second，also等。

　　　　2、舉例法（example）

　　　　作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句內容，嚴格地講，舉例法也是列舉法一種，它們區別在于：列舉法側重羅列事實，所列事實力求全面；而舉例法側重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點，且事例可多可少。我們來看下面這個用舉例法展開段落。

　　　　There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example，those ho enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example，if they prefer to exercise alone，they can have a run or take a alk in the morning or in the evening. Besides，people can go simming in the summer and go skating in the inter. In short，no matter hat their interests are，people can alays find more than one sports that are suitable to them.

　　　　本段采用了三個事例來說明主題句中關鍵詞組different forms of exercises，這三個例子分別由連接詞for example，for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引導結尾句總結全段內容。舉例法中常用連接詞有：for example（instance），one example is，besides，furthermore，moreover，in addition等。

　　　　3、敘述法（narration）

　　　　敘述法發展段落主要是按照事物本身時間或空間排列順序，通過對一些特有過渡連接詞使用，有層次分步驟地表達主題句一種寫作手段。用這種方法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章含義，例如：

　　　　In the flat opposite，a oman heard the noise outside. hen she looked out through the indo，she discovered that her neighbor as threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In anser to the call，a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen ent inside the flat at once，and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.

　　　　這段是按照事物發展先后順序，敘述從發現案情、報警、到警察趕到、包圍現場過程。全文脈絡清晰，敘述層次感強，結構緊湊。常用于敘述法中過渡連接詞有：first，an the beginning，to start ith，after that，later，then，afterards，in the end，finally等。

　　　　4、對比法或比較法（comparison contrast）

　　　　將同類事物按照某種特定規則進行比較分析是一種常用思維方法。通過對比，更容易闡述所述對象之間異同和優缺點，例如：

　　　　The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes，or transistors. Its electronic circuits ork a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.

　　　　在這段文字上，作者為了突出電子計算機運行速度之快，首先將它與人腦進行了比較， a thousand times faster than ；而后，又將這一概念具體到了a problem上，通過對比使讀者從 a long time in one minute上有更加直觀認識。

　　　　常用于對本法或比較法上過渡連接詞有：than，compared ith等。

　　　　5、分類法（classification）

　　　　在闡述某一概念段落中，常用分類法。通過對概念中所包括事物進行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰認識，如：

　　　　Ever since humans have lived on the earth，they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally，this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. hen there is a language barrier，communication is accomplished through sign language in hich motions stand for letters，ords and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of hole ords are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally；spelling，hoever，cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions，either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval，hile shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags，Morse code，and picture signs.

　　　　在該段中為了說明topic sentence中various forms of communication，作者將其分為oral speech，sign language，body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加闡述。

　　　　采用這種方法段落并沒有標志突出連接詞，所述各項均為平行并列關系，所以沒有明顯主次之分。

　　　　6、因果分析法（cause and effect）

　　　　在闡述某一現象段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：

　　　　The role of omen in todays society is changing. One reason is that omen have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the omens movement. Also，omen are aare of the altern