英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)考查要點(diǎn)
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)考查要點(diǎn)
1. 名詞
?(1) 不規(guī)則名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式要特別記憶:
?manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet, toothteeth
?(2) 單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞:
?fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese
?(3) 常用復(fù)數(shù)形的名詞:
?trousers, shoes, glasses
?(4) 只有復(fù)數(shù)形的名詞:
?thanks, clothes
?(5) 單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞:
?people, police
?(6) 有生命的名詞所有格形式:
?單數(shù)名詞加's, 復(fù)數(shù)名詞加s', 不是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加?'s?, 如: children's
room
?(7) 無(wú)生命的名詞所有格用of結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá):
?如: the capital of China
?(8) 表示并列名詞各自所有,在各名詞詞尾加's:
?如: Tom's and Mary's bikes (兩人各自的自行車)
?(9) 表示并列名詞共同所有,則在后一個(gè)名詞的詞尾加's:?
如: Tom and Mary's mother (即Tom與Mary是兄妹)
?(10) 關(guān)于時(shí)間、距離、長(zhǎng)度、重量、價(jià)格的所有格:
?如: ten minutes' walk, ten miles' journey, a boat's length, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth
?(11) 雙重所有格:
?a friend of my father's
2. 形容詞與副詞
?(1) 原級(jí),比較級(jí),最高級(jí)詞形變化:
?① [單元音+單輔音]的單音節(jié)詞
?fatfatterfattest
?thinthinnerthinnest
?hothotterhottest
?bigbiggerbiggest
?② 以y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞
?easyeasiereasiest
?heavyheavierheaviest
?prettyprettierprettiest
③ 劣級(jí)比較
?less+形容詞/副詞原級(jí)+than
?例: She is less beautiful than Mary.
?④ 兩者之間用比較級(jí),在比較級(jí)前加定冠詞,三者以上用最高級(jí)
?例: He is the taller of the two.?
She is the best player of the three.
?⑤ 越越的表達(dá)法
?例: The days are getting hotter and hotter.
?The more you study, the more you learn.
?⑥ 修飾比較級(jí)的詞有:much, by far, even, a little, a great deal
?例: She is much better now.
?? 切記不要用比較級(jí)來(lái)修飾比較級(jí)。
3. 連詞
?(1) 動(dòng)詞與*近的主語(yǔ)一致:
?這樣的連詞有: or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also。
?(2) or的用法:
?① 作或者講
?例: You or your friend has to go to the teachers' office.
?② 作否則講
?例: Hurry up, or you will be late for school.
?(3) and與but:
?例: He has no money and he is poor.?
He is poor but he is honest.
4. 介詞
?(1) 表示時(shí)間:
?at: 表示某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)
?如: at noon
?on: 表示特定的日子
?如: on Christmas
?in: 表示一段不具體的時(shí)間
?如: in the morning, in the Second world war
?? 如表示在某一特定的早上、下午則用on
?如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning
?during: 表示期間內(nèi)的某個(gè)時(shí)期
?如: during the night, during the Second World War
?for: 其后接表示一段時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度的詞
?如: for three days
?through: 表示在整個(gè)期間沒(méi)有間歇
?例: It snowed through the night.
?till/until: 表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的終點(diǎn)
?例:I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
?by: 表示動(dòng)作完成期限
?例: I'll be back by five o'clock.
?since: 表示某動(dòng)作的起始點(diǎn)
?例:I have studied English since 1990.
?(2) 表示地點(diǎn):
?at: 表示較小的地點(diǎn)
?如: arrived at the school gate
?in: 表示較大的地點(diǎn)
?如: arrived in Shanghai
?for: 表示目的地
?例: I'll leave for Shanghai.
?above: 表示上面,上方,其反意詞是below
?over: 表示垂直上方,其反意詞是under
?例: The dog jumped over the table.
?through: 表示穿過(guò)
?如: through the forest
?across: 表示平原上的跨越
?例: I want to walk across the road.
5. 動(dòng)詞
?(1) 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài):
?① 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
?一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的主要用法有兩點(diǎn):其一表示一經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,如: I always go to scho
ol at seven. 其二表示某一真理,事實(shí),如: The earth moves around the sun.
?② 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的主要用法有兩點(diǎn):其一表示某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過(guò)去,并持續(xù)下來(lái),到現(xiàn)在完成
。如: I have studied English for two years. 其二表示某動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過(guò)去并已結(jié)束,但其影響到現(xiàn)在。如: I haven't had my lunch. I'm hungry now.
?與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語(yǔ)有:yet, already, before, since, ever, never等。
?其考查要點(diǎn):
?其一: Have been表示曾經(jīng)去過(guò),如:I have been to America twice. 說(shuō)此話的人應(yīng)
已經(jīng)回到國(guó)內(nèi)。而He has gone to Japan.則此人目前已到日本去了。
?其二: 截止性動(dòng)詞可以有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),但不可與表示一段長(zhǎng)度的詞連用,如: The class has begun. The class has been on for five minutes.
?③ 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
?表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如: Who broke the window? In those days, I studied hard at night every day. 與過(guò)去時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有: at that time, ago, in 1949, just now (剛才), last night, yesterday
?④ 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
?純將來(lái)時(shí)的表示法: shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形
?例: I'll leave for Shanghai this evening.
?表示按計(jì)劃要做或可能做的事: be going to+動(dòng)詞原形
?例: I'm going to help you tonight.
?將來(lái)時(shí)的特殊表示法
?a. be+coming/leaving/going/starting/arriving
?例: Don't worry. I'm coming.
?b. be about to+動(dòng)詞原形
?例: He is about to leave, when the telephone rings.
?c. 狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)
?例: If it rains tomorrow I won't go to the party.
?(2) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:
?can: 能,會(huì)
?例: He can do it very well.
?may: 許可,可能性
?例: May I use your pen?
?must: 必要,禁止(多表示主觀看法)
?例: You mustn't play with fire.
?have to: 不得不(多表示客觀之事)
?例: I have to go, because I have a meeting.
?could與would:二者用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示語(yǔ)氣的委婉
?例: Could you help me?
6.句型
(1) 賓語(yǔ)從句:
?由疑問(wèn)代詞或副詞引出的賓語(yǔ)從句
?例: Could you tell me where the post office is??
Could you tell me what he said? (what作said的賓語(yǔ))
?由that引出的賓語(yǔ)從句
?例: They said that they would give me some help. (that 僅作引導(dǎo)詞)
?? 賓語(yǔ)從句中的疑問(wèn)句要用陳述語(yǔ)序。
?例: He asked when we would leave home.
(2) 狀語(yǔ)從句:
?狀語(yǔ)從句可包括:時(shí)間/地點(diǎn)/原因/結(jié)果/目的等狀語(yǔ)從句。
?例:I will come when I am free.?
I'm late because my bike is broken.?
He went so early that he got a good seat.?
She studied hard so that she would pass the exam.
?? 狀語(yǔ)從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
?例: If it rains tomorrow I shall not go to the cinema.
?? 表示在一長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作進(jìn)行過(guò)程中某一動(dòng)作突然發(fā)生則長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),而突發(fā)性 動(dòng)作要用一般時(shí)態(tài)。
?例: When I'm reading a book, the telephone rings.
(3) 反意疑問(wèn)句
?例: She can swim across the river, can't she??
It's a fine day, isn't it??
Marry needs to have a rest, doesn't she??
You have nothing to do, do you??
He seldom does homework, does he??
Don't open the door, will you??
Open the door please, will you??
Let us have a rest, will you??
Let's go, shall we?
(4) 感嘆句:
?例. What a hot day it is!?
How hot the weather is!
7. 不定式
?(1) 不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ):
? 例: It has begun to rain.?
I want to go to the cinema.
?(2) 不定式與疑問(wèn)詞連用:
? 例: I want to know how to work.
? I want to know what to do.
?(3) 不定式的否定句:
? 例: He told me not to do it.
?④ 省略to的不定式:
? 例: I saw him come this morning.
這樣的動(dòng)詞有see, hear, watch等感官動(dòng)詞,及have(作讓、使講) make, let.
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)考查要點(diǎn)
1. 名詞
?(1) 不規(guī)則名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式要特別記憶:
?manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, footfeet, toothteeth
?(2) 單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞:
?fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese
?(3) 常用復(fù)數(shù)形的名詞:
?trousers, shoes, glasses
?(4) 只有復(fù)數(shù)形的名詞:
?thanks, clothes
?(5) 單數(shù)形式但其意為復(fù)數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞:
?people, police
?(6) 有生命的名詞所有格形式:
?單數(shù)名詞加's, 復(fù)數(shù)名詞加s', 不是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加?'s?, 如: children's
room
?(7) 無(wú)生命的名詞所有格用of結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá):
?如: the capital of China
?(8) 表示并列名詞各自所有,在各名詞詞尾加's:
?如: Tom's and Mary's bikes (兩人各自的自行車)
?(9) 表示并列名詞共同所有,則在后一個(gè)名詞的詞尾加's:?
如: Tom and Mary's mother (即Tom與Mary是兄妹)
?(10) 關(guān)于時(shí)間、距離、長(zhǎng)度、重量、價(jià)格的所有格:
?如: ten minutes' walk, ten miles' journey, a boat's length, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth
?(11) 雙重所有格:
?a friend of my father's
2. 形容詞與副詞
?(1) 原級(jí),比較級(jí),最高級(jí)詞形變化:
?① [單元音+單輔音]的單音節(jié)詞
?fatfatterfattest
?thinthinnerthinnest
?hothotterhottest
?bigbiggerbiggest
?② 以y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞
?easyeasiereasiest
?heavyheavierheaviest
?prettyprettierprettiest
③ 劣級(jí)比較
?less+形容詞/副詞原級(jí)+than
?例: She is less beautiful than Mary.
?④ 兩者之間用比較級(jí),在比較級(jí)前加定冠詞,三者以上用最高級(jí)
?例: He is the taller of the two.?
She is the best player of the three.
?⑤ 越越的表達(dá)法
?例: The days are getting hotter and hotter.
?The more you study, the more you learn.
?⑥ 修飾比較級(jí)的詞有:much, by far, even, a little, a great deal
?例: She is much better now.
?? 切記不要用比較級(jí)來(lái)修飾比較級(jí)。
3. 連詞
?(1) 動(dòng)詞與*近的主語(yǔ)一致:
?這樣的連詞有: or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also。
?(2) or的用法:
?① 作或者講
?例: You or your friend has to go to the teachers' office.
?② 作否則講
?例: Hurry up, or you will be late for school.
?(3) and與but:
?例: He has no money and he is poor.?
He is poor but he is honest.
4. 介詞
?(1) 表示時(shí)間:
?at: 表示某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)
?如: at noon
?on: 表示特定的日子
?如: on Christmas
?in: 表示一段不具體的時(shí)間
?如: in the morning, in the Second world war
?? 如表示在某一特定的早上、下午則用on
?如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning
?during: 表示期間內(nèi)的某個(gè)時(shí)期
?如: during the night, during the Second World War
?for: 其后接表示一段時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度的詞
?如: for three days
?through: 表示在整個(gè)期間沒(méi)有間歇
?例: It snowed through the night.
?till/until: 表示動(dòng)作持續(xù)的終點(diǎn)
?例:I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
?by: 表示動(dòng)作完成期限
?例: I'll be back by five o'clock.
?since: 表示某動(dòng)作的起始點(diǎn)
?例:I have studied English since 1990.
?(2) 表示地點(diǎn):
?at: 表示較小的地點(diǎn)
?如: arrived at the school gate
?in: 表示較大的地點(diǎn)
?如: arrived in Shanghai
?for: 表示目的地
?例: I'll leave for Shanghai.
?above: 表示上面,上方,其反意詞是below
?over: 表示垂直上方,其反意詞是under
?例: The dog jumped over the table.
?through: 表示穿過(guò)
?如: through the forest
?across: 表示平原上的跨越
?例: I want to walk across the road.
5. 動(dòng)詞
?(1) 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài):
?① 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
?一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的主要用法有兩點(diǎn):其一表示一經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,如: I always go to scho
ol at seven. 其二表示某一真理,事實(shí),如: The earth moves around the sun.
?② 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的主要用法有兩點(diǎn):其一表示某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過(guò)去,并持續(xù)下來(lái),到現(xiàn)在完成
。如: I have studied English for two years. 其二表示某動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過(guò)去并已結(jié)束,但其影響到現(xiàn)在。如: I haven't had my lunch. I'm hungry now.
?與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的詞語(yǔ)有:yet, already, before, since, ever, never等。
?其考查要點(diǎn):
?其一: Have been表示曾經(jīng)去過(guò),如:I have been to America twice. 說(shuō)此話的人應(yīng)
已經(jīng)回到國(guó)內(nèi)。而He has gone to Japan.則此人目前已到日本去了。
?其二: 截止性動(dòng)詞可以有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),但不可與表示一段長(zhǎng)度的詞連用,如: The class has begun. The class has been on for five minutes.
?③ 一般過(guò)去時(shí)
?表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如: Who broke the window? In those days, I studied hard at night every day. 與過(guò)去時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有: at that time, ago, in 1949, just now (剛才), last night, yesterday
?④ 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
?純將來(lái)時(shí)的表示法: shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形
?例: I'll leave for Shanghai this evening.
?表示按計(jì)劃要做或可能做的事: be going to+動(dòng)詞原形
?例: I'm going to help you tonight.
?將來(lái)時(shí)的特殊表示法
?a. be+coming/leaving/going/starting/arriving
?例: Don't worry. I'm coming.
?b. be about to+動(dòng)詞原形
?例: He is about to leave, when the telephone rings.
?c. 狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)
?例: If it rains tomorrow I won't go to the party.
?(2) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:
?can: 能,會(huì)
?例: He can do it very well.
?may: 許可,可能性
?例: May I use your pen?
?must: 必要,禁止(多表示主觀看法)
?例: You mustn't play with fire.
?have to: 不得不(多表示客觀之事)
?例: I have to go, because I have a meeting.
?could與would:二者用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示語(yǔ)氣的委婉
?例: Could you help me?
6.句型
(1) 賓語(yǔ)從句:
?由疑問(wèn)代詞或副詞引出的賓語(yǔ)從句
?例: Could you tell me where the post office is??
Could you tell me what he said? (what作said的賓語(yǔ))
?由that引出的賓語(yǔ)從句
?例: They said that they would give me some help. (that 僅作引導(dǎo)詞)
?? 賓語(yǔ)從句中的疑問(wèn)句要用陳述語(yǔ)序。
?例: He asked when we would leave home.
(2) 狀語(yǔ)從句:
?狀語(yǔ)從句可包括:時(shí)間/地點(diǎn)/原因/結(jié)果/目的等狀語(yǔ)從句。
?例:I will come when I am free.?
I'm late because my bike is broken.?
He went so early that he got a good seat.?
She studied hard so that she would pass the exam.
?? 狀語(yǔ)從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
?例: If it rains tomorrow I shall not go to the cinema.
?? 表示在一長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作進(jìn)行過(guò)程中某一動(dòng)作突然發(fā)生則長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),而突發(fā)性 動(dòng)作要用一般時(shí)態(tài)。
?例: When I'm reading a book, the telephone rings.
(3) 反意疑問(wèn)句
?例: She can swim across the river, can't she??
It's a fine day, isn't it??
Marry needs to have a rest, doesn't she??
You have nothing to do, do you??
He seldom does homework, does he??
Don't open the door, will you??
Open the door please, will you??
Let us have a rest, will you??
Let's go, shall we?
(4) 感嘆句:
?例. What a hot day it is!?
How hot the weather is!
7. 不定式
?(1) 不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ):
? 例: It has begun to rain.?
I want to go to the cinema.
?(2) 不定式與疑問(wèn)詞連用:
? 例: I want to know how to work.
? I want to know what to do.
?(3) 不定式的否定句:
? 例: He told me not to do it.
?④ 省略to的不定式:
? 例: I saw him come this morning.
這樣的動(dòng)詞有see, hear, watch等感官動(dòng)詞,及have(作讓、使講) make, let.
