語法對點(diǎn)講練七　非謂語動(dòng)詞

　　非謂語動(dòng)詞有不定式、v.-ing形式和v.-ed三種形式：

　　非謂語動(dòng)詞 時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 表達(dá)意義

　　不定式 一般式：to do/to be done 動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞后發(fā)生

　　進(jìn)行式：to be doing 動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生

　　完成式：to have done/to have been done 動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生

　　v.-ing形式 一般式：doing/being done 動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生

　　完成式：having done/having been done 動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生

　　v.-ed形式 —— 表示完成和被動(dòng)

　　一、非謂語動(dòng)詞的功能

　　知識點(diǎn)講解

　　1．作主語和表語

　　不定式作主語或表語往往是一次性的、具體的動(dòng)作。常用it作形式主語。

　　v.-ing形式作主語或表語，表示一般或抽象的多次行為。常用句式：It is no use/good doing sth.或There is no point (in) doing sth.

　　③v.-ed形式不作主語，作表語時(shí)常表示主語的狀態(tài)。

　　The window is broken.

　　2．作定語

　　不定式作定語表示將來的動(dòng)作；表示第幾個(gè)做某事的人或物，跟在特定的名詞(ability, chance, way等)后。

　　He is always the first one to arrive at school.

　　v.-ing形式作定語時(shí)與所修飾的名詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系或表示所修飾名詞的用途。

　　Please go to the meeting room.

　　⑥v.-ed形式作定語時(shí)表示與所修飾名詞之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

　　3．作賓語補(bǔ)足語

　　不定式跟在一些特定的動(dòng)詞后作賓補(bǔ)： make, allow, order, urge, force, encourage等。

　　v.-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)與賓語之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。

　　⑨v.-ed形式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)與賓語之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系。

　　4．特定動(dòng)詞后非謂語動(dòng)詞形式

　　以下詞只接不定式作賓語：afford, agree, determine, decide, refuse, expect, hope, manage, want, fail, wish, ask, pretend, promise, happen, would like, set out等。

　　以下詞只接v.-ing形式作賓語：advise, admit, enjoy, avoid, appreciate, delay, consider, miss, finish, practise, imagine, suggest, escape, resist, risk, can't help, feel like, insist on, set about等。

　　以下詞作“需要”講時(shí)，后接v.-ing主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義：need, want, require(若用不定式則用to be done形式)。

　　My car needs washing/to be washed.

　　以下詞可接不定式，也可接v.-ing形式，意義上基本相同：prefer, like, love, start, begin, hate, continue, intend等。

　　以下詞可接不定式，也可接v.-ing形式，意義差別很大：

　　特別提示　

　　v.-ing形式還可以充當(dāng)部分介詞的賓語。

　　對點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練

　　完成下列小題，并指出考查上述哪個(gè)知識點(diǎn)(①～)

　　第一組　單項(xiàng)填空

　　1．(2024·新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)They might just have a place ________ on the writing course — why don't you give it a try?

　　A. leave

　　B. left

　　C. leaving

　　D. to leave

　　答案　__B__　知識點(diǎn)　__⑥__

　　解析　句意：寫作課上還有一個(gè)名額，你為什么不試一試呢？leave作動(dòng)詞講，可表示“使保留；留下備用”， leave和place屬于被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故left作place的后置定語，表示“剩下的位置；保留的位置”。

　　2．(2024·北京卷)Volunteering gives you a chance ________ lives, including your own.

　　A. change

　　B. changing

　　C. changed

　　D. to change

　　答案　__D__　知識點(diǎn)　__④__

　　解析　句意：志愿者的工作給你改變生活的機(jī)會(huì)，并且包括你自己的。動(dòng)詞不定式充當(dāng)定語表將來。

　　3．(2024·天津卷)In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words ________ in daily conversations.

　　A. using

　　B. to use

　　C. having sued

　　D. used

　　答案　__D__　知識點(diǎn)　__⑥__

　　解析　句意：在某些語言中，100個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成了日常生活中所用語言的一半。由句意知use與邏輯主語all words是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故用過去分詞作定語，選項(xiàng)D正確。A、B項(xiàng)是主動(dòng)形式不符合句意； C項(xiàng)不能作定語。

　　4．(2024·福建卷)________ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.

　　A. Known

　　B. Having known

　　C. Knowing

　　D. Being known

　　答案　__C__　知識點(diǎn)　__②__

　　解析　根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知：本句缺少主語，故用v.-ing形式作主語。

　　5．(2024·德州二模)I made every effort to get the car out of the mud, but it remained ________ there.

　　A. sticking

　　B. to be stuck

　　C. stuck

　　D. to have stuck

　　答案　__C__　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　remain在此處作系動(dòng)詞用，意思為“保持；仍然是；依舊是”。不定式作表語常用被動(dòng)式，表示“某事有待于以后被處理”，指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生；如：A lot of work remained to be done；現(xiàn)在分詞作表語用來說明主語的特征如The dog is frightening；過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，符合語境。此處stuck已經(jīng)是一個(gè)由過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)換成的形容詞了，意為“被卡住的；動(dòng)不了的”，表示主語的狀態(tài)。C項(xiàng)正確。

　　6．(2024·北京東城區(qū)練習(xí)二)I decided to risk ________ for a place to stay when I got there, rather than booking in advance.

　　A. to look

　　B. looking

　　C. looked

　　D. look

　　答案　__B__　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　risk后只接動(dòng)名詞作賓語，不接不定式、過去分詞和動(dòng)詞原形作賓語。故選B項(xiàng)。

　　第二組　語法填空

　　7．Jennifer will stop ________ (eat) dinner, so she may be late.

　　答案　to_eat　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　由so she may be late可知，“Jennifer可能會(huì)遲到的”； stop doing sth.“停止做某事”； stop to do sth.“停下來，去做某事”。

　　8．(2024·衡陽八中質(zhì)檢)Why do you stand and watch the milk ________ (boil) over?

　　答案　boiling　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　boiling為現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。現(xiàn)在分詞表示一個(gè)看到的正在發(fā)生的事情。

　　9．The machine has been used for several years. It needs ________ (repair)．

　　答案　repairing/to_be_repaired　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　句意：這臺機(jī)器已經(jīng)用了幾年了，需要維修一下了。sth.＋need＋doing用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)含義，還可用need to be done。

　　10．Nowadays people separate their waste to make it easier for it ________ (reuse)．

　　答案　to_be_reused　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　第二個(gè)it是不定式的邏輯主語。它指代their waste，與動(dòng)詞reuse存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。make it easier to be reused是“make＋賓語＋賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)，常用it作形式賓語，代替后邊的不定式。

　　11．John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter ________ (offer) him it.

　　答案　offering　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　句意：約翰已經(jīng)得到了那份工作，因?yàn)樗o我看了提供給他工作的公函。letter與offer之間為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。

　　12．One learns a language by making mistakes and ________ (correct) them.

　　答案　correcting　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　句意：一個(gè)人通過犯錯(cuò)誤并糾正錯(cuò)誤的方式學(xué)習(xí)語言。and連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語，作介詞by的賓語。

　　二、非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語

　　知識點(diǎn)講解

　　1．不定式作狀語

　　①表示目的，常置于句首，用逗號與主句隔開；在句末時(shí)則不用隔開。

　　②表示結(jié)果，常用于句型：only/just to(表示意想不到的結(jié)果); too ... to ... (太……而不能……); so/such ... as to ... (如此……以至于……); enough for sb.to (足夠做……)。

　　He was so excited as to be unable to speak.

　　The ice is thick enough to walk on.

　　③表示原因，常用于句型：主語＋系動(dòng)詞＋形容詞＋to do。

　　I was surprised to find him here.

　　2．v.-ing作狀語

　　④表示原因，一般式表示動(dòng)作與句子謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；完成式表示動(dòng)作早于主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生。

　　Having been told the meeting was cancelled, I went home after work.

　　⑤表示時(shí)間，其動(dòng)作在句子謂語動(dòng)作之前、之后或同時(shí)發(fā)生均可。

　　While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Mary.

　　Having finished his homework, Tom went to play basketball.

　　⑥表示方式或伴隨情況，常跟在句子后。

　　At the bell of the class, he came running into the classroom.

　　⑦表示結(jié)果，跟在句后。

　　The plane crashed, killing all the people on board.

　　⑧表示條件，置于句首或句末。

　　Working hard, you'll succeed one day.

　　⑨表示讓步，置于句首或句末。

　　Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistakes.

　　3．過去分詞作狀語

　　表示時(shí)間

　　When asked her further plans, she said that she wanted to be a nurse.

　　表示原因

　　Born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.

　　表示條件

　　If taken according to the directions, the medicine has no side effect.

　　表示結(jié)果

　　The girl met with an accident, wounded in the head.

　　表示讓步

　　Encouraged by his parents, he still has no confidence in finding a job.

　　表示方式或伴隨

　　The old man got off the bed, supported by his son.

　　對點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練

　　完成下列小題，并指出考查上述哪個(gè)知識點(diǎn)(～)

　　第一組　單項(xiàng)填空

　　1．(2024·新課標(biāo)卷)The sunlight is white and blinding, ________ hard-edged shadows on the ground.

　　A. throwing

　　B. being thrown

　　C. to throw

　　D. to be thrown

　　答案　__A__　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　句意：陽光亮白而刺眼，在地上投射出輪廓清晰的影子。主語the sunlight與throw是主謂關(guān)系，故用throwing作伴隨狀語。

　　2．(2024·北京卷)________ the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.

　　A. Find

　　B. Finding

　　C. To find

　　D. Found

　　答案　__B__　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　句意：她發(fā)現(xiàn)這門課程很難，就決定換門容易的。she和find存在主謂關(guān)系，故用v.-ing形式作狀語。

　　3．(2024·山東卷)I stopped the car ________ a short break as I was feeling tired.

　　A. take

　　B. taking

　　C. to take

　　D. taken

　　答案　__C__　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　句意：我停下來休息一小會(huì)因?yàn)槲腋械嚼哿恕４祟}考查動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語，故選C項(xiàng)。

　　4．(2024·福建卷)Anyone, once ________ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.

　　A. to be tested

　　B. being tested

　　C. tested

　　D. to test

　　答案　__C__　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　anyone和test存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系故用tested短語作狀語。

　　5．(2024·安徽卷)________ in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring children's love of art.

　　A. To found

　　B. Founding

　　C. Founded

　　D. Having founded

　　答案　__C__　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　句意：這所學(xué)校創(chuàng)建于20世紀(jì)早期，它一直激勵(lì)著孩子們對于藝術(shù)的熱愛。found“建立”與句子的主語school之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞founded，既表被動(dòng)又表完成。

　　第二組　語法填空

　　6．We gave away bulletins door to door to call on people to help others warm-heartedly, only ________ (stop) to have a drink from time to time.

　　答案　stopping　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　句意：我們挨家挨戶分發(fā)簡報(bào)，目的是號召人們熱心地幫助他人，(我們的回報(bào))僅僅是時(shí)不時(shí)地停下來喝杯水。現(xiàn)在分詞短語作伴隨狀語。“only＋不定式”表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，意為“不料；反而……”“想不到；結(jié)果卻……”，與本句句意不符。例如：They reached the company out of breath only to be told they were fired.他們上氣不接下氣地趕到公司，不料卻被告知他們被解雇了。

　　7．He woke up from a terrible dream only ________ (tell) that he was in another strange country.

　　答案　to_be_told　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　不定式可以用作結(jié)果狀語，通常與only連用，表示出乎主語意料的情況。he與tell之間存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系；故用不定式的被動(dòng)式。

　　8．________ (write) the composition, I handed it to the teacher and then ran out of the classroom.

　　答案　Having_written　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　having written為現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式，在句中作狀語，表示原因。由于write的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在hand和run之前，所以用完成式，不用一般式。

　　9．________ (offer) an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.

　　答案　Offered　知識點(diǎn)　____

　　解析　句意：被提供了一個(gè)新電影中的重要角色，安迪得到了一個(gè)成名的機(jī)會(huì)。offer與Andy之間存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用過去分詞作狀語。

　　三、非謂語動(dòng)詞的其他事項(xiàng)

　　知識點(diǎn)講解

　　1．獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

　　非謂語動(dòng)詞本身有動(dòng)詞的特性，其邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致時(shí)，用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示。

　　名詞/代詞＋v.-ing形式，表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系，或動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。

　　They seating themselves, the teacher began to tell the stories.

　　②名詞/代詞＋v.-ed形式，表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系，或動(dòng)作已結(jié)束。

　　Her glasses broken, she couldn't read the book.

　　名詞/代詞＋不定式，表示主動(dòng)關(guān)系，動(dòng)作未發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生。

　　Lots of homework to do, he has to go home.

　　特別提示　其他形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：

　　名詞/代詞＋(being)＋形容詞/副詞

　　Summer holidays (being) over, students return to school.

　　名詞/代詞＋介詞短語

　　Sword in hand, I followed him here and climbed in.

　　There/It being＋名詞/代詞/形容詞