A　根據(jù)下文的perform和本句的含義可知“如果他們給人們一些句子來聽，那么他們就會(huì)發(fā)出同樣的神經(jīng)元和進(jìn)行一些行為動(dòng)作一樣。”所以畫線部分單詞意為“發(fā)出”和set off近義。 Ⅳ. 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來猜測(cè)詞義

　　英語單詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有3種，即復(fù)合法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)化法。英語單詞大多是由詞根、詞頭(前綴)、詞尾(后綴)所組成。詞根是單詞最基本的部分，表達(dá)單詞的基本含義。在詞根前頭或后頭加上前綴或后綴，可以用來引申或轉(zhuǎn)變?cè)~的意義。只要我們掌握了各種詞根、詞頭、詞尾的基本含義，那么就可以很容易地猜測(cè)所構(gòu)成的新詞的含義了。中學(xué)英語中常見的前綴和后綴有：

　　super-(超), inter-(在……之間), -able(能……的), mini-(極少的，微型的)，micro-(極微小的), re-(再，反復(fù)), sub-(分支的，底下), co-(共同), post-(后), pre-(前), trans-(超越；轉(zhuǎn)換), under-(在……之下；低于……；不足), -hood(狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)；時(shí)期), -ish(如……的；有點(diǎn)兒……的); -proof(防……的；……不能穿透的), -scope(景), -ship(身份；資格；權(quán)力；性質(zhì)), -some(易于……的), -wards(向), mis-(誤；惡), un-(不；非), in-(不；非), im-(不； 非), dis-(不), non- (不；非)，-less(不；無), anti-(反；防), sino-(中國(guó))。如： He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious,_for a few minutes.

　　根據(jù)詞根conscious(清醒的，有意識(shí)的)，結(jié)合前綴semi(半，部分的，不完全的), 我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】

　　(2010·廣東華南師大附中高三綜合測(cè)試)

　　Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why can help us improve human health. Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals, a research that someday could help prolong your life.

　　The underlined word “prolong” in the paragraph means ______.

　　A. save

　　B. protect

　　C. lengthen

　　D. improve

　　C　可根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來判斷詞義。prolong 是個(gè)派生詞，前綴pro-是“支持，親”之意，long是“長(zhǎng)”之意，故可判斷prolong是“延長(zhǎng)(壽命)”的意思。 Ⅴ. 判斷代詞的確指對(duì)象

　　代詞that/it/they/them所指代的內(nèi)容多在這一句的前、后句中(特別是前句)，或者前幾個(gè)句子中，找到指代的內(nèi)容后把它放在那個(gè)代詞的位置上，看看這句話是否合理，與前面的內(nèi)容是否一致，然后再判斷它是否為正確答案。 第21講

　　詞義猜測(cè)題

　　*

　　(2024·湖南卷A篇) … I called back. I told my mom to go without me and that I already created my gift. I sent the photo of the cream-colored flower to my computer and typed the poem on top of it. As I was arranging the details another poem came to mind. The poem was written by Edgar Allan Poe; my dad recited it as much as he did the other. I typed that out as well and searched online for a background to the words of _it_. … *

　　58. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refers to a poem by ______.

　　A. the father

　　B. the author

　　C. William Blake

　　D. Edgar Allan Poe

　　58. D　詞義推測(cè)題。考查上下文中代詞的指代。根據(jù)第三段中的I typed that out as well and searched online for a background to the words of it.可知，作者在見到這第二首詩時(shí) “也”打印出來了。這就是Edgar Allan Poe寫的詩。故選D。 思路點(diǎn)撥

　　猜詞是英語閱讀的重要技巧，也是高考中?？嫉念}型?？忌獙W(xué)會(huì)“順藤摸瓜”，通過構(gòu)詞、定義、對(duì)比、因果、聯(lián)想、上下文等線索(各種已知信息)確定詞義。要求猜測(cè)詞義的詞一般為實(shí)詞(動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞等)。就方法來說，主要根據(jù)上下文線索和構(gòu)詞法。高考閱讀文章中更側(cè)重前者。 Ⅰ. 根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義

　　通過定義、定語從句/詞組或同位語從句/詞組等來確定詞義。 1. 直接定義：如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。 例句：In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.

　　分析：根據(jù)上下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語中的意思是“困境”。 定義句的謂語動(dòng)詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent等。

　　2. 同位語：構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、引號(hào)和括號(hào)等。需要注意的是：同位語前還常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i．e. 等副詞或短語出現(xiàn)。

　　3. 定語從句：定語從句有時(shí)起著解釋和說明的作用，據(jù)此我們可以推斷出所修飾詞的含義。 例句：The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 分析：定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為“牧羊人”。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 62．The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means ______.

　　A. annoyed

　　B. ashamed

　　C. ready

　　D. eager

　　D　我不知道發(fā)生了什么，所以在我發(fā)言后，希望知道為什么大家如此反應(yīng)的原因，即eager to find out what I had done wrong。 Ⅱ. 根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　1. 根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在一個(gè)句子或段落中，有時(shí)對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞來猜測(cè)其詞義。英語中表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要是unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 和while 引導(dǎo)的并列句等。

　　例句：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.

　　分析：該例中supercilious對(duì)許多人來說可能是個(gè)生詞，但是句中短語in contrast(相對(duì)照的，相對(duì)比的)提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)是對(duì)比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后，我們便能猜出supercilious意為“目空一切的，傲慢的”。

　　2. 根據(jù)類比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　表示類比關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。

　　例句：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

　　分析：該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間為類比關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為“健談的”。

　　3. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。

　　例句：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.

　　分析：根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指“獨(dú)斷專行的”。

　　4. 根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。

　　例句：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.

　　分析：作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它，由此推知jeopardize詞義為“使……陷入危險(xiǎn)，危及、危害”。 Ⅲ. 根據(jù)上下文及生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義

　　1. 我們可以根據(jù)上下文與生詞密切相關(guān)的句子，對(duì)生詞進(jìn)行合情合理同時(shí)合乎上下文語境的推測(cè)。我們也可以根據(jù)生詞后舉出的有關(guān)例子進(jìn)行適當(dāng)歸納，猜測(cè)生詞的詞義。

　　例句：You can take any of the periodicals:_The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning.

　　分析：根據(jù)下文舉出的英語雜志名稱可知，periodicals是“期刊”之意。

　　2. 有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時(shí)，就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。

　　例句：The snake slithered through the grass.

　　分析：根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí)，我們可以推斷出slither的詞義為“爬行”。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】

　　(2024·福建卷D篇)

　　A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to ( for example: “The hand took hold of the ball” ) , the same mirror neurons were _triggered_ as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball)．

　　The underlined word “triggered” in the third paragraph probably means “ ______”．

　　A. set off

　　B. cut off

　　C. built up

　　D. broken up

　　A　根據(jù)下文的perform和本句的含義可知“如果他們給人們一些句子來聽，那么他們就會(huì)發(fā)出同樣的神經(jīng)元和進(jìn)行一些行為動(dòng)作一樣。”所以畫線部分單詞意為“發(fā)出”和set off近義。 Ⅳ. 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來猜測(cè)詞義

　　英語單詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有3種，即復(fù)合法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)化法。英語單詞大多是由詞根、詞頭(前綴)、詞尾(后綴)所組成。詞根是單詞最基本的部分，表達(dá)單詞的基本含義。在詞根前頭或后頭加上前綴或后綴，可以用來引申或轉(zhuǎn)變?cè)~的意義。只要我們掌握了各種詞根、詞頭、詞尾的基本含義，那么就可以很容易地猜測(cè)所構(gòu)成的新詞的含義了。中學(xué)英語中常見的前綴和后綴有：

　　super-(超), inter-(在……之間), -able(能……的), mini-(極少的，微型的)，micro-(極微小的), re-(再，反復(fù)), sub-(分支的，底下), co-(共同), post-(后), pre-(前), trans-(超越；轉(zhuǎn)換), under-(在……之下；低于……；不足), -hood(狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)；時(shí)期), -ish(如……的；有點(diǎn)兒……的); -proof(防……的；……不能穿透的), -scope(景), -ship(身份；資格；權(quán)力；性質(zhì)), -some(易于……的), -wards(向), mis-(誤；惡), un-(不；非), in-(不；非), im-(不； 非), dis-(不), non- (不；非)，-less(不；無), anti-(反；防), sino-(中國(guó))。如： He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious,_for a few minutes.

　　根據(jù)詞根conscious(清醒的，有意識(shí)的)，結(jié)合前綴semi(半，部分的，不完全的), 我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義“半清醒的，半昏迷的”。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】

　　(2010·廣東華南師大附中高三綜合測(cè)試)

　　Sharks are among the few animals in the world that almost never get cancer and eye cataracts. Understanding why can help us improve human health. Chemicals extracted from shark cartilage have killed cancerous tumors in laboratory animals, a research that someday could help prolong your life.

　　The underlined word “prolong” in the paragraph means ______.

　　A. save

　　B. protect

　　C. lengthen

　　D. improve

　　C　可根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法來判斷詞義。prolong 是個(gè)派生詞，前綴pro-是“支持，親”之意，long是“長(zhǎng)”之意，故可判斷prolong是“延長(zhǎng)(壽命)”的意思。 Ⅴ. 判斷代詞的確指對(duì)象

　　代詞that/it/they/them所指代的內(nèi)容多在這一句的前、后句中(特別是前句)，或者前幾個(gè)句子中，找到指代的內(nèi)容后把它放在那個(gè)代詞的位置上，看看這句話是否合理，與前面的內(nèi)容是否一致，然后再判斷它是否為正確答案。 第21講

　　詞義猜測(cè)題

　　*

　　(2024·湖南卷A篇) … I called back. I told my mom to go without me and that I already created my gift. I sent the photo of the cream-colored flower to my computer and typed the poem on top of it. As I was arranging the details another poem came to mind. The poem was written by Edgar Allan Poe; my dad recited it as much as he did the other. I typed that out as well and searched online for a background to the words of _it_. … *

　　58. The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refers to a poem by ______.

　　A. the father

　　B. the author

　　C. William Blake

　　D. Edgar Allan Poe

　　58. D　詞義推測(cè)題?？疾樯舷挛闹写~的指代。根據(jù)第三段中的I typed that out as well and searched online for a background to the words of it.可知，作者在見到這第二首詩時(shí) “也”打印出來了。這就是Edgar Allan Poe寫的詩。故選D。 思路點(diǎn)撥

　　猜詞是英語閱讀的重要技巧，也是高考中?？嫉念}型?？忌獙W(xué)會(huì)“順藤摸瓜”，通過構(gòu)詞、定義、對(duì)比、因果、聯(lián)想、上下文等線索(各種已知信息)確定詞義。要求猜測(cè)詞義的詞一般為實(shí)詞(動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞等)。就方法來說，主要根據(jù)上下文線索和構(gòu)詞法。高考閱讀文章中更側(cè)重前者。 Ⅰ. 根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義

　　通過定義、定語從句/詞組或同位語從句/詞組等來確定詞義。 1. 直接定義：如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。 例句：In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.

　　分析：根據(jù)上下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語中的意思是“困境”。 定義句的謂語動(dòng)詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent等。

　　2. 同位語：構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、引號(hào)和括號(hào)等。需要注意的是：同位語前還常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i．e. 等副詞或短語出現(xiàn)。

　　3. 定語從句：定語從句有時(shí)起著解釋和說明的作用，據(jù)此我們可以推斷出所修飾詞的含義。 例句：The herdsman,_who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 分析：定語從句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的詞義為“牧羊人”。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】 62．The underlined word “burning” in Para. 3 probably means ______.

　　A. annoyed

　　B. ashamed

　　C. ready

　　D. eager

　　D　我不知道發(fā)生了什么，所以在我發(fā)言后，希望知道為什么大家如此反應(yīng)的原因，即eager to find out what I had done wrong。 Ⅱ. 根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　1. 根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在一個(gè)句子或段落中，有時(shí)對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞來猜測(cè)其詞義。英語中表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要是unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 和while 引導(dǎo)的并列句等。

　　例句：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.

　　分析：該例中supercilious對(duì)許多人來說可能是個(gè)生詞，但是句中短語in contrast(相對(duì)照的，相對(duì)比的)提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)是對(duì)比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后，我們便能猜出supercilious意為“目空一切的，傲慢的”。

　　2. 根據(jù)類比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　表示類比關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有similarly, like, just as, also, as well等。

　　例句：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

　　分析：該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間為類比關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為“健談的”。

　　3. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。

　　例句：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.

　　分析：根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指“獨(dú)斷專行的”。

　　4. 根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。

　　例句：Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future.

　　分析：作者為避免重復(fù)使用endanger一詞用其同義詞jeopardize來替代它，由此推知jeopardize詞義為“使……陷入危險(xiǎn)，危及、危害”。 Ⅲ. 根據(jù)上下文及生活常識(shí)猜測(cè)詞義

　　1. 我們可以根據(jù)上下文與生詞密切相關(guān)的句子，對(duì)生詞進(jìn)行合情合理同時(shí)合乎上下文語境的推測(cè)。我們也可以根據(jù)生詞后舉出的有關(guān)例子進(jìn)行適當(dāng)歸納，猜測(cè)生詞的詞義。

　　例句：You can take any of the periodicals:_The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning.

　　分析：根據(jù)下文舉出的英語雜志名稱可知，periodicals是“期刊”之意。

　　2. 有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時(shí)，就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。

　　例句：The snake slithered through the grass.

　　分析：根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí)，我們可以推斷出slither的詞義為“爬行”。 【基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)】

　　(2024·福建卷D篇)

　　A group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to ( for example: “The hand took hold of the ball” ) , the same mirror neurons were _triggered_ as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball)．

　　The underlined word “triggered” in the third paragraph probably means “ ______”．

　　A. set off

　　B. cut off

　　C. built up

　　D. broken up