2024同步攻關(guān)高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)學(xué)案:語(yǔ)法部分 第8講 定語(yǔ)從句
第8講 定語(yǔ)從句
1. 定語(yǔ)從句:修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。
2. 先行詞:被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的那個(gè)名詞或代詞稱為先行詞。
3. 關(guān)系詞:引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞:who, whom, whose, which, that, as等;關(guān)系副詞:where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有三個(gè)作用:引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句;代替先行詞;在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。
例如:Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read. (that I have read是定語(yǔ)從句;novel是先行詞;that 是關(guān)系代詞,代替先行詞novel,在從句中作have read的賓語(yǔ)。)
關(guān)系詞指代人或物以及在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?/p>
關(guān)系詞 指代人或物 定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?/p>
關(guān)系
代詞 that 人或物 主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、
表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)
which 物或主句內(nèi)容 主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)
who 人 主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
whom 人 賓語(yǔ)
whose 人或物 定語(yǔ)
as 人或物或主句內(nèi)容 主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
關(guān)系
副詞 when 時(shí)間 狀語(yǔ)
where 地點(diǎn) 狀語(yǔ)
why 原因 狀語(yǔ)
4. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
限制性定語(yǔ)從句形式上不用逗號(hào)和主句隔開(kāi),是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確,翻譯成先行詞的定語(yǔ),“……的……”。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明,去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),通常翻譯成主句的并列句。關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.
他那個(gè)現(xiàn)在是律師的哥哥總是鼓勵(lì)他上大學(xué)。(他還有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥,現(xiàn)在是律師,總是鼓勵(lì)他上大學(xué)。(他只有一個(gè)哥哥)
一、關(guān)系代詞的使用
【例句觀察】
①She is the woman (whom / that / who)I wanted to see yesterday.
她是我昨天想看的那個(gè)女的。
②The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你扛著的包裹馬上要拆開(kāi)。
③Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009, which we hadn't expected.
Obama在2009年得諾貝爾和平獎(jiǎng)是大家都沒(méi)想到的。
④Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble.
你父母是你困難時(shí)可以求助的人。
【例句分析】
①whom / that / who指人,在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作wanted to see的賓語(yǔ),可以省略。
②which / that指物,在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作are carrying的賓語(yǔ),可以省略。
③which指前面主句內(nèi)容,在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),但不能省略。
④whom前有介詞to,雖然作賓語(yǔ),但不能省略。
【結(jié)論1】關(guān)系代詞若在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)并且前面無(wú)介詞時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可省略,其他情況不可省。
【完成例句】
(1)我,你的好朋友,當(dāng)你陷入困境的時(shí)候會(huì)幫你的。
I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.
(2) 《哈利·波特》是最受青少年歡迎的暢銷書之一。
Harry Potter is
one of the best-sellers that are popular with teenagers.
《哈利·波特》是唯一一本讓作者成為億萬(wàn)富翁的暢銷書。Harry Potter is the only one of the best-sellers that makes the author a billionaire.
(3)他通過(guò)了考試,這使我們很驚訝。
He has passed the exam, which makes us surprised.
眾所周知,中國(guó)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
Great changes have taken place in China,
as is known to all.
(4)每家有臺(tái)電視,30年前我們認(rèn)為是不可能的,現(xiàn)在實(shí)現(xiàn)了。
To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30 years ago, now has become true.
【結(jié)論2】定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致問(wèn)題
(1)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
(2) one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ 關(guān)系代詞+ 復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞;而the only one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ 關(guān)系代詞+ 單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
(3)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,由關(guān)系代詞as或which代替整個(gè)主句時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。
(4)關(guān)系代詞和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)要看關(guān)系代詞的指代。
【完成例句】
(5)所有能做的都做了。
All that can be done has been done.
(6)這就是我想要買的電影。
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
(7)他們?cè)趥惗貐⒂^的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
(8)站在那兒的是誰(shuí)?
Who is the man that is standing there?
(9) They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.
他們創(chuàng)立了一家環(huán)保公司。
(10)杭州不再是過(guò)去的杭州了。
Hangzhou
is no more the city that it used to be.
【結(jié)論3】指物時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況:
①當(dāng)先行詞為everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代詞時(shí),只用that。
②當(dāng)先行詞被the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no修飾時(shí),只用that。
③當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或者先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),只用that。先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),只用that。
④當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞who或which時(shí),為避免重復(fù)要用that。
⑤有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which,另一個(gè)宜用that。
⑥當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ),而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí),只用that。
【完成例句】
(11)那棵四百年的老樹(shù)很有名。
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
(12)我們自給自足。
We depend on the land
from which we get our food.
(13)這本書是關(guān)于我們要去參觀的那座有名的建筑嗎?
Is this the book that refers to the famous building which we will go to visit?
【結(jié)論4】只能用 which的情況:
①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),只能用which。
②介詞后只用which,且不能省略。
③有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that,另一個(gè)宜用which。
【完成例句】
(14)有人愿意幫助受傷的人嗎?
Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person?
(15)這就是那位幫助在事故中受傷的人的醫(yī)生嗎?
Is this the doctor that helped the people who were injured in the accident?
【結(jié)論5】指人時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用who的情況:
①當(dāng)先行詞是anyone, those時(shí),只用who。
②有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句皆指人時(shí),其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用that,另一個(gè)宜用who。
【完成例句】
(16)那個(gè)門破了的教室在二樓。
The classroom whose door / the door of which / of which the door is broken is on the second floor. 【結(jié)論6】whose可以指代人或物,在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ), 后跟名詞。指物時(shí),whose + 名詞= of which +名詞 = 名詞+ of which。
【完成例句】
(17)我們都知道,吸煙有害健康。
① As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
太陽(yáng)照射地球,這對(duì)我們是很重要的。
②The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
(18)①她和她妹妹穿一樣的衣服。
She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
②這不是我們想到的那所房子。
This house is not such as I expect.
(19)就像我們指出的那樣,這種物質(zhì)是有毒的。
As was pointed out, this kind of substance is poisonous.
【結(jié)論7】關(guān)系代詞as和which
在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,as和which可代替整個(gè)主句,相當(dāng)于and this或and that。二者的區(qū)別主要在于:
①as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句既可以在主句前,也可以在主句后,有時(shí)還可以在插入句中,常帶有“正如……,正像……”的意思。而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后,翻譯成“這”。
②as常用于以下固定搭配中:the same+名詞+as “和……同樣的”,such+名詞+as“像……一樣的,像……之類的”,…such as…“這樣的人 / 物”。(such為代詞,作先行詞; as在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
③在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中,一般也用as:
as (it)appears, as (it)seems, as (it)often happens, as (it)was pointed out / said / reported / announced, as (it)was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is well-known, as is known to all, as anybody can see等。
【完成例句】
(20)這就是我一直在找的書。
This is the book which / that / 不填I(lǐng) am looking for.
(21)他深愛(ài)對(duì)他慈愛(ài)的父母。
He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
=He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.
(22)我沒(méi)有足夠的錢去買那條昂貴的裙子。
I don't have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.
(23)從1998年到2004年Mike在這所大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí),在此期間,他學(xué)習(xí)很努力并當(dāng)選為學(xué)生會(huì)主席。
Mike studied at the university from 1998 to 2004, during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students' Union.
【結(jié)論8】“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom,指物時(shí)用which。
①某些帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),介詞可以提至關(guān)系代詞之前,但是在一些固定搭配的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中,由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可以分割,因此不能將介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前,如take care of, look for, look after, care for等。
②“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞,有時(shí)數(shù)詞或代詞也可以放在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”之后。
③介詞+which / whom+to do結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以改為:介詞+which / whom+定語(yǔ)從句。
④在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,which可作定語(yǔ),指先行詞(短語(yǔ)或句子)所表示的信息,形成“介詞+which +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),相當(dāng)于and in / at / during this / that+名詞。
二、關(guān)系副詞的使用
【完成例句】
(24)我仍然記得我們第一次上學(xué)的那天。
I still remember the day
when /
on which we first came to the school.
(25)十年前我住的房子已經(jīng)被推倒了。
The house where / in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
(26)我不知道他今天看起來(lái)不高興的原因。
I don't know the reason
why / for which he looks unhappy today.
【結(jié)論1】關(guān)系副詞的分類和作用
①when指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ);when=表示時(shí)間的介詞(in / at / on / during…)+which。
②where指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),where=表示地點(diǎn)的介詞(in / at / on / under…)+which。
③why指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ), why=表示原因的介詞(for)+which。
【翻譯句子】
(27)他回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題的方式是令人驚訝的。
The way
in which / that
/ 不填he answered the question was surprising.
(28) The way
which / that he explained to us was quite simple.
【結(jié)論2】在以the way為先行詞的定語(yǔ)從句中,若the way 在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),則通常由in which或that引導(dǎo),而且通常可以省略。若the way 在從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ),則通常由which或that引導(dǎo)。
【完成例句】
(29)中國(guó)是風(fēng)箏的起源地,并從那里傳播到日本、韓國(guó)、泰國(guó)和印度。
China is the birth place of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
【結(jié)論3】有時(shí)為了表達(dá)更清楚,可以在關(guān)系副詞where / when前加上介詞to, from等。
【疑難】
There is one point that we must insist on.
有一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)我們必須堅(jiān)持。(定語(yǔ)從句可還原為:we must insist on the point,所以先行詞point在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),故用that / which或省略。)
We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.
我們正努力做到能讓雙方坐下來(lái)對(duì)話。 (定語(yǔ)從句可還原為:at the point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行詞point在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ),所以關(guān)系詞用where / at which。)
【疑難剖析】一些特殊的先行詞如situation, point, case, activity,scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具體情況具體分析,作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)用that / which,作狀語(yǔ)用where / when / 介詞+which。
三、關(guān)系代 / 副詞的選擇技巧
【完成例句】
(30)我會(huì)記住我們一起度過(guò)的日子。
I will remember the days that
/ which
/ 省略 we spent together.
(根據(jù)把定語(yǔ)從句還原成we spent the days together,判斷出the days作spent的賓語(yǔ))
(31) 6月7日是我們開(kāi)始高考的日子。
June 7 is the day when / on which we begin to take the college entrance examination.
(根據(jù)把定語(yǔ)從句還原成we begin to take the college entrance examination on the day,判斷出on the day作狀語(yǔ)。)
(32 )這是他工作過(guò)10年的地方。
This is the place where / in which he worked for ten years.
(根據(jù)把定語(yǔ)從句還原成he worked in the place for ten years,判斷出in the place作狀語(yǔ)。)
【結(jié)論】
①用還原法:將先行詞放入定語(yǔ)從句中,找到它的原有位置,判斷它做什么成分以及判斷先行詞指人還是指物。
②一般說(shuō)來(lái),作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí),用關(guān)系代詞;作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),用關(guān)系副詞或介詞+which;作定語(yǔ)時(shí),用whose。
四、定語(yǔ)從句和其他句型之間的關(guān)系
【例句觀察】
He is such a good boy that everyone likes him. (不缺句子成分,that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)