高考英語語法精品講練:第六章動(dòng)詞的-ing形式
高中英語語法精講第六章動(dòng)詞的-ing形式
動(dòng)詞的-ing形式包括傳統(tǒng)語法的“動(dòng)名詞”(gerund)和“現(xiàn)在分詞”(present participle)兩個(gè)部分。動(dòng)詞的-ing形式具有動(dòng)詞的特征,同時(shí)又具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,因此它可以在句中作主語、表語、定語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和狀語。
一、動(dòng)詞-ing形式的特征和種類
與動(dòng)詞不定式一樣,動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也具有動(dòng)詞的特征,有時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化,并可帶狀語、賓語等。
A.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式
1.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式可用來泛指一個(gè)動(dòng)作,沒有特別的時(shí)間意義。
Swimming is her favorite sport.游泳是她最喜歡的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。
Learning is important to modern life.學(xué)習(xí)對現(xiàn)代生活很重要。
2.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式可用來表示和謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他們有說有笑地走出教室。
She listened carefully to her neighbours speaking.她傾聽她鄰居的講話。
3.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式有時(shí)也可表示在謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前或之后發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.
我記得上星期給他發(fā)過一份電子郵件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday.他建議下個(gè)星期天帶我女兒去動(dòng)物園。
B.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的完成式
動(dòng)詞的-ing形式的完成式表示一個(gè)已完成的動(dòng)作,這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生或完成在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。
Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.在這個(gè)城市生活了3年,她對這里已很熟悉。
I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.錯(cuò)過了這么振奮人心的演講,我真的很遺憾。
注意:
在現(xiàn)代英語中,作賓語的-ing形式的完成式可用一般式來代替。
I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.錯(cuò)過了這么振奮人心的演講,我真的很遺憾。(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)
We remembered seeing the film.我們記得看過這部電影。(=We remembered having seen the film. ) C.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的被動(dòng)形式
動(dòng)詞的-ing形式的被動(dòng)形式表示它的邏輯主語是-ing形式表示的動(dòng)作的承受者。
1.一般式的被動(dòng)形式
The question being discussed is very important.
正在討論的問題很重要。
I can't stand being kept waiting.
我不堪久候。
2.完成式的被動(dòng)形式
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.我聽說他被選為球隊(duì)的教練。
Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.在被帶去看了實(shí)驗(yàn)室之后,我們又被帶去參觀校圖書館。
D.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定形式
動(dòng)詞的-ing形式的否定形式是由not加動(dòng)詞的-ing形式構(gòu)成。
His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.
他沒來使在場的每個(gè)人都很失望。
I'm sorry for not being present at the meeting in time.我很抱歉沒能按時(shí)赴會。
Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址,我只好在家里等著。
Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations.
因?yàn)闆]有努力學(xué)習(xí)功課,他考試不及格。
二、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式的用法 A.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作主語
1.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式可直接置于句首作主語。
Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。
Collecting stamps is interesting.集郵很有趣。
Learning about a language is easier than using it.學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)語言的知識比使用語言容易。
Being invited to the party was a great honor to the family.被邀請參加晚會是這家人的榮耀。
2.為了保持句子平衡,通常用先行詞it作形式主語,而把真正的主語放在句末。
It is easy making plans, but it is difficult carrying them.制定計(jì)劃很容易,實(shí)行它卻很難。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
作無益的后悔是沒有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it.
爭論這事是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
必背:動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作主語的幾個(gè)常用句型。
It's no good talking to him.
和他談話是沒有用的。
It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.給他打電話沒用。他不愿意來。
It's worth making an effort.
努力一下是值得的。
There is no saying when it will stop raining.
無法斷定這場雨什么時(shí)候會停。
There is no joking about such matters.
這種事開不得玩笑。
B.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作表語
動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作表語的有兩種不同的含義:
1.表示主語的內(nèi)容是什么。
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.她的工作是盡量使報(bào)告廳保持干凈。
The real question is getting to know the needs of the students.真正的問題是了解學(xué)生的需要。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的愛好是集郵。
2.表示主語具有的特征。
The problem is quite puzzling.這個(gè)問題很令人困惑。
It was astonishing to see the animals and plants that are found nowhere else in the world.
看到了世界上其它地方找不到的動(dòng)植物真是令人驚訝。
The food at the dinner party did not seem very inviting.
宴會上的食物似乎并不誘人。
比較:
一般說來,動(dòng)詞的-ing形式表示一般性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,或抽象性的動(dòng)作,時(shí)間概念不強(qiáng)。而動(dòng)詞不定式表示的動(dòng)作往往是具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作,特別是將來的動(dòng)作。
Smoking is forbidden here.這里禁止吸煙。(泛指)
It's not good for you to smoke so much.吸這么多煙對你的身體不好。(具體)
They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.天冷時(shí)他們喜歡呆在室內(nèi)。(泛指)
Would you prefer to stay at home this evening今晚你想待在家里嗎?(具體 C.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語
動(dòng)詞的-ing形式既可作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語,也可作介詞的賓語。
1.作動(dòng)詞的賓語
能用-ing形式作賓語的及物動(dòng)詞可分兩類,一類是只能用-ing形式作賓語,另一類是既可用-ing形式作賓語,也可用不定式作賓語。
只能用-ing形式作賓語的動(dòng)詞
這類動(dòng)詞只能用-ing形式作賓語,不能用不定式作賓語。
Fancy meeting you here!想不到在這兒見到你了!
I suggest doing it in a different way.
我建議用另一種方法做這件事。
They didn't mind being treated like guests.
他們不在乎被人當(dāng)作賓客對待。
They admitted smokinghaving smoked in the hall.
他們承認(rèn)在大廳里抽過煙。
I regret sayinghaving said what I said.我很后悔自己說過的話。
He couldn't help laughing.他情不自禁地笑了起來。
I can't imagine the boy speaking so rudely to you.
我不能想像這個(gè)男孩對你說話這么沒禮貌。
必背:
只接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式而不接不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞有
admit承認(rèn)
appreciate感激
avoid避免
consider考慮
delay耽擱
dislike嫌惡
enjoy喜歡
escape避免
excuse原諒
fancy想不到
feel like意欲
finish完成
forgive原諒
give up放棄
cannot help情不自禁
imagine設(shè)想
include包括
keep保持
mention提及
mind介意
miss逃過
put off推遲
practice練習(xí)
resist抵制
risk冒險(xiǎn)
既可用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語,也可用不定式作賓語
這類動(dòng)詞雖然既能用-ing形式作賓語,也能用不定式作賓語,但用法并不相同,主要有以下幾種情況:
a.有些動(dòng)詞,如attempt, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer等,后面接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式或不定式區(qū)別不是很大。
They prefer spending
to spend their summer vacation in Dalian.他們更喜歡在大連度暑假。
I intend to buy
buying an English-Chinese dictionary.我想買一本英漢詞典。
提示:應(yīng)盡量避免接連出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞-ing形式。
I am starting to learn Russian.
我開始學(xué)俄語。
避免說:I am starting learning Russian.
我開始學(xué)俄語。
b. need, require, want作“需要”解時(shí),后面接-ing形式的主動(dòng)形式或不定式的被動(dòng)形式,意義上并無差別,但用-ing形式比較普通。
Your composition needs correcting
to be corrected.你的作文需要修改。
His coat wants cleaning
to be cleaned.
他的大衣需要洗了。
The old woman requires looking after carefully
to be looked after carefully.這個(gè)老大娘需要細(xì)心地照料。
2.作介詞賓語
動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作介詞賓語大都和一些固定搭配有關(guān)。常見的幾種搭配形式有:
動(dòng)詞+介詞+ -ing形式
Jason aims at becoming an astronaut.詹森立志要當(dāng)宇航員。
I dream of being the best footballer in the school.我夢想成為全校最好的足球隊(duì)員。
比較:
keep doing繼續(xù)或保持做某事。(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性)
News lf successes keeps pouring in.
捷報(bào)頻傳。
Keep on doing繼續(xù)或反復(fù)做某事。(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的反復(fù)性)
We will keep on trying and if we get anything done. We will notify you.
我們將繼續(xù)努力。有結(jié)果將通知你。
Keep sb doing使某人一直做某事(表示被迫進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作)
I'll try not to keep you waiting.我盡量不讓你久等。
Keep sb from doing阻止某人做某事(=preventstop sb from doing)
The stone walls keep the farmer's cows from joining his neighbor's cows.
石頭墻使農(nóng)民家的牛不會混入鄰居的牛群中去。
動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞+ -ing形式
Please excuse me for being late.對不起,我遲到了。
What prevented you from joining us last night昨天晚上什么事使你不能和我們在一起
Sandy wasted no time in getting to know the boss's daughter.桑迪很快就開始就和老板的女兒套近乎了。
名詞+介詞+ -ing形式
We like his way of teaching English.我們喜歡他教英語的方式。
He has little hope of passing the examination.他幾乎沒有什么希望通過考試。
I have no difficulty in communicating with foreigners.我在和外國人交談方面沒有什么困難。
形容詞+介詞+ -ing形式
I'm tired of having the same food every day.天天吃同樣的東西我感到膩煩了。
Peter is angry about not being invited to the party.沒有被邀請出席聚會,彼得很生氣。
Who's responsible for organizing this conference
是誰負(fù)責(zé)組織這次大會?
what/how about + -ing形式
What about going for a walk去散步好不好?
How about playing a game of chess now現(xiàn)在來下盤棋好嗎
介詞to +動(dòng)詞-ing形式
to既可以是介詞,也可以是不定式符號,在使用中比較容易混淆。若是不定式符號,to后接動(dòng)詞原形;若是介詞,to后需接-ing形式。
You must get used to washing your face with cold water.你必須習(xí)慣用冷水洗臉。
John has admitted to breaking the window.約翰已承認(rèn)了打碎窗子。
I'm looking forward to seeing you this summer vacation.我盼望今年暑假見到你。
He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind.他為全人類的利益獻(xiàn)出了自己的一生。
However, others strongly object to developing private cars.然而,另有一些人強(qiáng)烈反對發(fā)展私人小汽車。
He is equal to doing this task.他能勝任這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
The man took to drinking shortly after his wife died.他妻子死后不久,這人就開始嗜酒。
Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers難道還沒到你安下心來閱卷的時(shí)D.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語
1.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語,和一個(gè)名詞或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。
We heard the children shouting upstairs.
我們聽見孩子們在樓上叫喊。
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.我下車的時(shí)候注意到一個(gè)男人從銀行里跑出來。
I felt my heart beating violently.
我覺得我的心在猛烈地跳動(dòng)。
2.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式和不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語的區(qū)別
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官動(dòng)詞后,既可用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語,也可用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語,兩者之間有一定的區(qū)別。用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式時(shí),表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行;用不定式時(shí),表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了,即動(dòng)作的全過程結(jié)束了。
He saw a girl getting on the car.他看見一個(gè)女孩在上汽車。(She was getting on the car.)
He saw a girl get on the car and drive off.
他看見一個(gè)女孩上車開走了。(She got on the car and drove off.)
Do you hear someone knocking at the door你聽見有人在敲門嗎?(Someone is knocking at the door.)
Do you hear someone knock at the door你聽見有人敲門了嗎?(Someone knocked at the door just now.) 提示:
如果賓語補(bǔ)足語是一系列的動(dòng)作,通常只能用不定式來表示,不用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。
I saw him enter the room, sit down and light a cigarette.我看見他走進(jìn)房間,坐了下來,點(diǎn)燃了一根香煙。
3.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示“致使”的動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.他們不應(yīng)該不讓我們知道他們下一步要做什么。