二十國(guó)集團(tuán)(G20)杭州峰會(huì)將于9月召開(kāi)。在這一平臺(tái)上，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家將作為平等伙伴，就如何應(yīng)對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)挑戰(zhàn)、改善全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理、加速世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展進(jìn)行探討和合作。世界輿論普遍認(rèn)為，作為本屆峰會(huì)的東道國(guó)和世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體，中國(guó)有能力確保這次峰會(huì)的成功，并為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的振興作出重要貢獻(xiàn)。

The G20 summit to be held in the Chinese city of Hangzhou in early September is unlike any previous one: it will be hosted by the largest developing country in the world. But a key question remains: can China succeed in shaking the world's 20 biggest economies out of their torpor?

二十國(guó)集團(tuán)(G20)峰會(huì)將于九月初在中國(guó)杭州舉行。與過(guò)去歷屆峰會(huì)不同，此次峰會(huì)將由世界上最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家主辦。但關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題是：中國(guó)能否讓世界20大經(jīng)濟(jì)體復(fù)蘇?

China has high hopes for chairing a successful G20 summit, the country's biggest diplomatic event of the year. Plenty is already on the table, including a Beijing-led push to upgrade the G20 from a crisis response mechanism to a long-term governance platform.

G20峰會(huì)是中國(guó)年度外交盛事，而中國(guó)也非常有信心能成功舉辦此次峰會(huì)。許多話題已經(jīng)引起了熱議，其中包括中國(guó)提出的推動(dòng)G20從危機(jī)應(yīng)對(duì)向長(zhǎng)效治理機(jī)制轉(zhuǎn)型。

The economic weight and growing agility of China in managing international affairs, experts say, would prove advantageous in getting things done at the forum, particularly in bringing major industrialized economies as well as emerging markets together to tackle the root causes of faltering global growth.

專家表示，中國(guó)處理國(guó)際事務(wù)的靈活性不斷提高，加上如今的國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)地位，將有利于推動(dòng)峰會(huì)成果的達(dá)成，特別是將主要的工業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體以及新興市場(chǎng)團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái)，共同從根源上解決世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)乏力的問(wèn)題。

Long-term governance

長(zhǎng)效治理

The G20 mechanism, as a primary platform for international economic cooperation, has long focused on coordinating monetary and fiscal policies among the world's top developed and developing nations in response to global financial crises.

G20機(jī)制是一個(gè)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作的主要平臺(tái)，一直致力于協(xié)調(diào)世界主要發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與發(fā)展中國(guó)家的貨幣和財(cái)政政策，以應(yīng)對(duì)全球金融危機(jī)。

But after eight years of slow recovery from the 2008 financial crisis, an urgency can be felt across G20 members for collective action on more fundamental aspects of the global economy.

但自2008年金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)以來(lái)，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇緩慢。因此，G20成員認(rèn)為各國(guó)必須在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)更重大的領(lǐng)域中進(jìn)行合作。

A highlight of the upcoming summit will be developing a G20 blueprint for innovative growth, which includes a concrete action plan for building a new industrial revolution and the digital economy.

此次G20峰會(huì)的一大亮點(diǎn)就是制定G20創(chuàng)新增長(zhǎng)藍(lán)圖，包括建設(shè)新工業(yè)革命和數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)的具體行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。

"It is the first G20 summit with a focus on the long-term impetus of global growth," said Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi at a briefing late May.

中國(guó)外交部長(zhǎng)王毅在五月底的一個(gè)中外媒體吹風(fēng)會(huì)上表示：“這是G20首次聚焦全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的中長(zhǎng)期動(dòng)力。”

"Fiscal and monetary policies can only serve as countercyclical tools that help smooth out volatility in the short term," said Professor Zhu Jiejin of Fudan University. "It's just like medicine. It may cure an illness, but does not strengthen the health of an economy."

“財(cái)政和貨幣政策只能作為一種反周期的工具，在短期內(nèi)緩解經(jīng)濟(jì)波動(dòng)”，復(fù)旦大學(xué)教授朱杰金說(shuō)道，“就像是藥物一樣，它能緩解病情，卻不能增強(qiáng)體質(zhì)。”

Zhu said the consensus on innovation had been a hard-won achievement under the Chinese presidency, especially given the severe market volatility in the first quarter of 2024.

朱教授表示，2024年第一季度的市場(chǎng)波動(dòng)極大，而中國(guó)作為G20輪值主席國(guó)，能促進(jìn)各國(guó)在創(chuàng)新方面達(dá)成一致，這實(shí)屬不易。

"It is not easy for China to stay focused on a long-term agenda when some are calling for short-term stimulus packages," Zhu said.

“一些國(guó)家謀求短期內(nèi)的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃，因此中國(guó)要聚焦在長(zhǎng)期議題上并不容易”，朱教授說(shuō)道。

Swiss Finance Minister Ueli Maurer underlined China's emphasis on fostering innovation and other structural reforms, which, he said, were important to raise productivity and ensure the quality and sustainability of growth.

瑞士財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)于利?毛雷爾強(qiáng)調(diào)，中國(guó)將重點(diǎn)放在了推動(dòng)創(chuàng)新和其他結(jié)構(gòu)性改革上。他表示，這對(duì)于提高生產(chǎn)力和確保高質(zhì)量、可持續(xù)的增長(zhǎng)是非常重要的。

"In this respect, the G20 Blueprint on Innovative Growth represents an ambitious agenda toward a new paradigm for growth based on knowledge and on new and cleaner technologies," he told Xinhua. "Many countries have, since the global financial crisis of 2008/09, relied too heavily on monetary and fiscal easing,"

“而在這方面，《G20創(chuàng)新增長(zhǎng)藍(lán)圖》體現(xiàn)了以知識(shí)和新潔凈科技為基礎(chǔ)的增長(zhǎng)模式的轉(zhuǎn)變，這是一個(gè)非常宏偉的目標(biāo)”，他向新華社記者表示，“自2008年全球金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)以來(lái)，許多國(guó)家都過(guò)于依賴貨幣和財(cái)政寬松政策了。”

Another eye-catching item on the agenda is going to be outlining steps to implement the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the first time development is being given priority in a global macro-policy framework.

峰會(huì)日程上的另一個(gè)亮點(diǎn)議題就是制定計(jì)劃以實(shí)施聯(lián)合國(guó)《2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程》，發(fā)展問(wèn)題首次在全球宏觀政策框架占據(jù)了突出位置。

Huang Wei, a researcher with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said that "developed countries cannot thrive alone in this increasingly interconnected world. Developed and developing countries need to pool their resources to reverse sagging global growth."

中國(guó)社科院研究員黃薇表示：“在這個(gè)各國(guó)聯(lián)系日益緊密的世界里，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家僅憑借一己之力是無(wú)法繁榮的。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家需要進(jìn)行資源共享，才能扭轉(zhuǎn)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增速放緩的困境。”

Huang noted the systematic nature of implementing the United Nations development goals, which incorporate social and environmental dimensions as well as growth. "Only with a holistic approach can we solve fundamental problems in the global economy," she told Xinhua. "The G20 used to deal with only specific problems."

黃薇還表示，實(shí)施聯(lián)合國(guó)可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的過(guò)程，包括社會(huì)、環(huán)境和發(fā)展等方面。“我們只能用一個(gè)整體的方案來(lái)解決全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的重大問(wèn)題”，她對(duì)新華社記者說(shuō)道，“過(guò)去，G20峰會(huì)僅僅是解決某些特定的問(wèn)題。”

According to Chen Fengying, a researcher with the China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, the G20 has expanded its main policy goal for strong, sustainable and balanced growth that was laid down at the Pittsburgh summit in 2009. "It is not easy for China to host a fruitful summit when there is no apparent crisis," she said. "But China has made an unprecedented contribution to the G20 by charting out a new future."

中國(guó)現(xiàn)代國(guó)際關(guān)系研究院的研究員陳鳳英表示，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)2009年匹茲堡峰會(huì)上提出的 “強(qiáng)勁、可持續(xù)和平衡增長(zhǎng)”目標(biāo) ，G20已進(jìn)一步增加了其主要政策目標(biāo)。“目前，經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的跡象不明顯，中國(guó)要保證這次的G20峰會(huì)取得豐富成果并非易事”，陳鳳英說(shuō)道，“但中國(guó)為G20繪就了發(fā)展新藍(lán)圖，作出了前所未有的貢獻(xiàn)。”

Moreover, amid sluggish trade and weak investment, the G20 under China's presidency this year opened up a new and more substantive avenue for stimulating growth: a trade ministers meeting to promote international trade and investment.

而且，在全球貿(mào)易和投資增長(zhǎng)乏力之際，中國(guó)作為G20輪值主席國(guó)，在今年開(kāi)辟了全新的、更具實(shí)質(zhì)性的渠道——舉辦旨在促進(jìn)全球貿(mào)易投資增長(zhǎng)的貿(mào)易部長(zhǎng)會(huì)議，以刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。

"We cracked some real issues, because China took the initiative of setting up the trade and investment working group and put in lots of work, which has been very productive," said Rita Teaotia, commerce secretary of the Indian Department of Commerce.

印度商務(wù)部部長(zhǎng)麗塔?蒂奧烏沙表示：“由于中國(guó)首創(chuàng)了G20貿(mào)易投資工作組，并開(kāi)展了許多富有成效的工作，我們才得以解決了一些棘手的問(wèn)題。”

"From the Hangzhou summit onward," said Chen, "there will be two wheels driving the G20, with the traditional finance ministers and central bank governors meeting, and the new mechanism of trade ministers' meeting."

陳鳳英說(shuō)：“杭州G20峰會(huì)召開(kāi)后，兩個(gè)‘輪子’將助力推動(dòng)G20峰會(huì)的展開(kāi)，那就是傳統(tǒng)的財(cái)長(zhǎng)會(huì)議和央行行長(zhǎng)會(huì)議以及新引入的貿(mào)易部長(zhǎng)會(huì)議機(jī)制。”

This could be one of the biggest breakthroughs at this year's summit. Many of the long-term structural problems in the global economy have to do with trade and investment, she said.

“這可能會(huì)成為今年杭州G20峰會(huì)最大的突破之一。全球經(jīng)濟(jì)中許多長(zhǎng)期結(jié)構(gòu)性問(wèn)題都與貿(mào)易和投資相關(guān)，”她說(shuō)。

Shaping the agenda

完善峰會(huì)議程

At this year's G20 summit, China will also be playing a more prominent role in international affairs.

在今年的G20峰會(huì)上，中國(guó)將會(huì)在國(guó)際事務(wù)中發(fā)揮更突出的作用。

"This will be the first time that China hosts a global economic governance summit, unlike chairing regional meetings such as the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation," said Chen. "It is a good opportunity for China to exercise its power in global economics."

“這是中國(guó)首次舉辦商討全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理的峰會(huì)，這與舉行亞太經(jīng)合組織會(huì)議等區(qū)域性會(huì)議不一樣”，陳鳳英說(shuō)，“這是中國(guó)在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中展示力量的好時(shí)機(jī)。”

She explained that because the G20 is an international forum with no secretariat or enforcing agencies, the outcome of the summit is to a large extent determined by the will of the host country.

她解釋道，G20作為一個(gè)國(guó)際論壇，沒(méi)有常設(shè)的秘書處，也沒(méi)有執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)。所以，G20峰會(huì)能取得什么樣的成果很大程度上取決于主辦國(guó)。

"As a big country, China has the influence to push for specific goals, especially when they coincide with the interests of other countries," she said, praising China's concrete action plans in the context of vaguer pledges of past years.

“作為一個(gè)有影響力的大國(guó)，中國(guó)能夠推動(dòng)達(dá)成特定的目標(biāo)，特別是那些與其他國(guó)家的利益相契合的目標(biāo)，”陳鳳英說(shuō)道。相對(duì)于以前定下的相對(duì)模糊的承諾，她認(rèn)為中國(guó)制定的具體行動(dòng)計(jì)劃確實(shí)值得稱贊。

Zhu stressed that China, as the biggest developing country, has the responsibility to promote more balanced governance of the global economy.

朱教授強(qiáng)調(diào)，中國(guó)作為最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，有責(zé)任推動(dòng)建立更加均衡的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理模式。

"The birth of the G20 has broken the myth of the G7 and allows for the exploration into diverse paths of growth," he said.

“G20打破了G7的舊邏輯，考慮到要探索不同的發(fā)展道路，”朱教授說(shuō)道。

According to statistics from the International Monetary Fund, emerging and developing economies are home to 85 percent of the world's population, accounting for almost 60 percent of global GDP and contributing to more than 80 percent of global growth since the 2008 financial crisis. China alone has contributed 35 percent to global growth in the past five years.

國(guó)際貨幣基金組織的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體以及發(fā)展中國(guó)家的人口占世界總?cè)丝诘?5%，GDP占比接近全球的60%;自2008年金融危機(jī)以來(lái)，這些國(guó)家對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)率超過(guò)了80%。過(guò)去五年，中國(guó)對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)率為35%。

The view of China's growing role in global economic governance is widely shared.

“中國(guó)在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理中發(fā)揮著越來(lái)越重要的作用，這是大家都認(rèn)同的。

"There is probably some means for building new institutions given the rise of Asia and rise of China," said Tim Harcourt of the University of New South Wales in Australia. "I think in some ways the G20 can play that role."

“隨著中國(guó)及亞洲的崛起，我們也許能夠找到建立新體系的方法，”澳大利亞新南威爾士大學(xué)的提姆?哈考特教授說(shuō)，“我認(rèn)為在某種程度上，G20就能發(fā)揮這樣的角色。”

China is now in a position to assert its influence in the management of the global economy, according to a report that was released in March by the London-based Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs. Other countries are ready to learn from China's experiences in transforming its economy, it added.

英國(guó)皇家國(guó)際事務(wù)研究所——倫敦查塔姆研究所3月發(fā)布的報(bào)告顯示，如今中國(guó)在全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理中正發(fā)揮著自身的影響力。報(bào)告還指出，其他國(guó)家也非常愿意借鑒中國(guó)在經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

帶你了解“二十國(guó)集團(tuán)”

對(duì)于二十國(guó)集團(tuán)，我們可能聽(tīng)過(guò)很多次，但卻不一定了解其具體的成員組成以及運(yùn)行方式。下面，我們就來(lái)簡(jiǎn)要介紹一下。

二十國(guó)集團(tuán)(the Group of Twenty, G20)由19個(gè)國(guó)家(阿根廷Argentina, 澳大利亞Australia, 巴西Brazil, 加拿大Canada, 中國(guó)China, 法國(guó)France, 德國(guó)Germany, 印度India, 印度尼西亞Indonesia, 意大利Italy, 日本Japan, 韓國(guó)South Korea, 墨西哥Mexico, 俄羅斯Russia, 沙特阿拉伯Saudi Arabia, 南非South Africa, 土耳其Turkey, 英國(guó)United Kingdom, 美國(guó)United States)和歐盟(the European Union)構(gòu)成，聚集了世界主要發(fā)達(dá)和新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，共同應(yīng)對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。為保證二十國(guó)集團(tuán)的討論能夠代表眾多國(guó)家的利益，每年二十國(guó)集團(tuán)的主席都邀請(qǐng)嘉賓國(guó)(guest countries)參加包括領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人峰會(huì)在內(nèi)的本年度會(huì)議。

二十國(guó)集團(tuán)經(jīng)濟(jì)體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人每年召開(kāi)一次會(huì)議，而二十國(guó)集團(tuán)的財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)與央行行長(zhǎng)每年會(huì)召開(kāi)數(shù)次會(huì)議，商討提振全球經(jīng)濟(jì)(strengthen the global economy)、改革全球金融機(jī)構(gòu)(reform international financial institutions)、改進(jìn)金融規(guī)章(improve financial regulation)以及在每個(gè)成員經(jīng)濟(jì)體實(shí)施必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革(implement the key economic reforms that are needed in each member economy)的方式。

二十國(guó)集團(tuán)經(jīng)濟(jì)體第一次會(huì)議是在1999年亞洲金融危機(jī)(Asian financial crisis)之后，以財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)與央行行長(zhǎng)會(huì)議的形式召開(kāi)的。2008年，二十國(guó)集團(tuán)經(jīng)濟(jì)體領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人第一次會(huì)議召開(kāi)， 該組織在應(yīng)對(duì)全球金融危機(jī)(responding to the global financial crisis)方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。

二十國(guó)集團(tuán)得到各國(guó)際組織提供的分析和建議支持，這些組織包括金融穩(wěn)定委員會(huì)(the Financial Stability Board)、國(guó)際勞工組織(the International Labour Organisation)、國(guó)際貨幣基金(the International Monetary Fund)、經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織(Economic Co-operation and Development)、聯(lián)合國(guó)(the United Nations)、世界銀行(the World Bank)和世界貿(mào)易組織(the World Trade Organization)。這些組織的代表受邀參加二十國(guó)集團(tuán)的主要會(huì)議。