實(shí)例解析：四級(jí)翻譯題答題要點(diǎn)

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　　翻譯作為語(yǔ)言聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)、譯五大能力之一，新大綱就四級(jí)階段的要求提出，學(xué)生應(yīng)能借助詞典將難度略低于課文的英語(yǔ)短文譯成漢語(yǔ)，理解正確、譯文達(dá)意，譯速為每小時(shí)350個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。能借助詞典將內(nèi)容熟悉的漢語(yǔ)文字材料譯成英語(yǔ)，譯文達(dá)意，無(wú)重大語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，譯速為每小時(shí)300個(gè)漢字。英譯漢是1996年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試委員會(huì)公布的第一批新題型中的一類(lèi)，屬主觀題，該題型從屬于閱讀理解部分，從閱讀理解的四篇短文中選取5個(gè)片斷，大部分是一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)、較復(fù)雜的句子，但有時(shí)也有2-3個(gè)句子組成的一個(gè)段落或片斷。要求考生在15分鐘內(nèi)將該5題譯成漢語(yǔ)，占分10%，每題2分。根據(jù)指令提示，翻譯時(shí)還可回到前面參閱所譯句子的有關(guān)上下文。

　　兩種語(yǔ)言的對(duì)譯講究的是信、達(dá)、雅，這是翻譯題評(píng)分的基本原則。信即忠實(shí)于原文；達(dá)即達(dá)意，即譯文與原文的語(yǔ)義上的一致或等同，這是評(píng)分的重要原則，考生是否理解了原文，是否忠實(shí)于原文，都要根據(jù)譯文的內(nèi)容來(lái)作評(píng)判，所以達(dá)是根本。考試意義上的翻譯對(duì)雅的要求不同于文學(xué)翻譯，要求并不太高，只是譯文應(yīng)通順流暢，符合譯文語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

　　一、英譯漢樣題、參考答案及評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

　　英譯漢題型有詳細(xì)、具體的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，每道題的2分被統(tǒng)一細(xì)化為四個(gè)0.5分，三個(gè)0.5用以判給題中的三個(gè)語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)，即每題就語(yǔ)言而言有三個(gè)得分點(diǎn)，一個(gè)0.5分判給整句譯文的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)是否通順流暢、符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。

　　二、答題要點(diǎn)與真題解析

　　英譯漢必須以理解原文為前提，而短文中句子或段落片段的翻譯還必須基于對(duì)原文上下文的理解，所以英譯漢試題解題的第一要點(diǎn)是:

　　正確理解短文，精確理解所譯部分，準(zhǔn)確分析該部分的句法結(jié)構(gòu)和表意邏輯關(guān)系。要將一道英譯漢題做好，必須精確地理解所需翻譯的那部分句子，而精確的理解必須以正確理解短文為前提，有時(shí)還須準(zhǔn)確地對(duì)有關(guān)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)作語(yǔ)法分析，同時(shí)，還必須理清該部分在語(yǔ)意方面有幾個(gè)層次及各層次間的先后關(guān)系。

　　在準(zhǔn)確理解原文后，要注意正確、恰當(dāng)?shù)赜脻h語(yǔ)將原文各層次的語(yǔ)意以與原來(lái)相同的先后關(guān)系表達(dá)出來(lái)，這又需要了解一些譯文處理技巧，要不然，在英語(yǔ)的影響下，你的譯文形似漢語(yǔ)，讀起來(lái)仍洋味十足。所以解答漢譯英的第二要點(diǎn)是:學(xué)會(huì)用符合習(xí)慣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)漢語(yǔ)表述原文。幾種在翻譯中經(jīng)常用到的避免英式漢語(yǔ)的方法是:

　　拆譯法。選作英譯漢試題的英語(yǔ)句子通常都較復(fù)雜，往往從句套從句，翻成譯語(yǔ)要把這些從句拆開(kāi)，翻成一句句相對(duì)獨(dú)立的漢語(yǔ)句子這么做使理清各語(yǔ)意層次的先后關(guān)系顯得非常重要。

　　合譯法。英語(yǔ)中定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句及用作定語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞短語(yǔ)和不定短語(yǔ)常后置在名詞中心詞之后，翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)需要將這些后置修飾語(yǔ)合并到名詞中心詞的前置定語(yǔ)之中。

　　重組法。英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)越復(fù)雜，與以短句為特點(diǎn)的漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣的差距越大，這時(shí)需要采用重組概念，改變一種角度，對(duì)原文各層次的語(yǔ)意進(jìn)行重組，以恰到好處、通順地道的漢語(yǔ)正確表達(dá)原文的信息。根據(jù)英譯漢評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，每道題有四個(gè)得分點(diǎn)，所以在英譯漢答題時(shí)，還要注意第三點(diǎn):

　　分析原文各題的得分點(diǎn)，重點(diǎn)理解，重點(diǎn)表達(dá)。從樣題及歷年英譯漢真題實(shí)例中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，得分點(diǎn)一般都是一些特定的短語(yǔ)、句式或與短文要點(diǎn)密切相關(guān)的重要詞語(yǔ)。對(duì)于原文中的這些語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)，考生必須結(jié)合上下文反復(fù)琢磨，求得理解上的準(zhǔn)確，而后通過(guò)上面介紹的幾種翻譯處理技巧，恰當(dāng)?shù)貙⑺鼈冇脻h語(yǔ)表達(dá)出來(lái)。以下是英譯漢真題實(shí)例解析。

　　Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:

　　 British universities， groaning under the burden of a huge increase in student numbers， are warning that the tradition of a free education is at risk.The universities have threatened to impose an admission fee on students to plug a gap in revenue if the government does not act to improve their finances and scrap some public spending cutbacks.

　　The government responded to the universities threat by setting up the most fundamental review of higher education for a generation， under a non-party troubleshooter，Sir Ron Dearing.

　　One in three school-leavers enters higher education，five times the number when the last review took place thirty years ago.

　　Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the strain after rapid expansion needs a lot more money， but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayers and not much scope for attracting more finance from business.

　　Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs， something that is common elsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain.Universities want the government to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have suspended their own threatened action for now. They await Dearings advice， hoping it will not be too latesome already reported to be in financial diffculty. As the century nears its end， the whole concept of what a university should be is under the microscope.Experts ponder how much they can use computers instead of classrooms， talk of the need for lifelong learning and refer to students as consumers.

　　The Confederationof British Industry， the key employers organization， wants even more expansion in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from booming Asian economies.But the government has doubts about more expansion. The Times newspaper agrees， complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared， with close tutorial supervision giving way to mass production methods more typical of European universities.

　　1.The chief concern of British universities is ____.

　　A)how to tackle their present financial difficulty B)how to expand the enrollment to meet the needs of enterprisesC)how to improve their educational technology D)how to put an end to the current tendency of quality deterioration

　　2.We can learn from the passage that in Britain ____.

　　A)the government pays dearly for its financial policy B)universities are mainly funded by businesses C)higher education is provided free of charge D)students are ready to accept loan schemes for tuition

　　3.What was the percentage of high school graduates admitted to universities in Britain thirty years ago?

　　A)20% or so. C)Above 30%.B)About 15%. D)Below 10%.

　　4.It can be inferred from the passage that ____.

　　A)the British government will be forced to increase its spending on higher education B)British employers demand an expansion in enrollment at the expense of quality C)the best way out for British universities is to follow their European counterparts D)British students will probably have to pay for their higher education in the near future

　　5.Which of the following is the viewpoint of the Times newspaper?

　　A)Expansion in enrollment is bound to affect the quality of British higher education. B)British universities should expand their enrollment to meet the needs of industry. C)European universities can better meet the needs of the modern world. D)British universities should help fight competition on world markets.

　　該短文是一篇講述英國(guó)大學(xué)學(xué)生膨脹，經(jīng)濟(jì)上不堪重負(fù)的說(shuō)明文。

　　S1題由兩句組成，語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)主要有①分詞短語(yǔ)groaning，②imposeon to plug a gap，③條件句中scrap some public spending cutbacks，④漢語(yǔ)譯文的結(jié)構(gòu)。這段文字較長(zhǎng)，但意義上是一個(gè)整體，翻譯時(shí)要特別注意各層次的關(guān)系:①不堪重負(fù)②提醒③威脅④如果⑤就強(qiáng)行。參考譯文:因?yàn)閷W(xué)生數(shù)量猛增而不堪重負(fù)，英國(guó)大學(xué)正提醒人們傳統(tǒng)的免費(fèi)教育已面臨危機(jī)。他們威脅如果政府不采取行動(dòng)增加撥款而繼續(xù)削減公共事業(yè)開(kāi)支的話，他們將強(qiáng)行向?qū)W生收取入學(xué)費(fèi)以填補(bǔ)收入中的不足。

　　S2題只有一句，但較長(zhǎng)，主要由一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)組成，該短語(yǔ)中有that從句，that從句中又有as從句及with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜。同時(shí)，該句位于句末，需要對(duì)上文有所了解。語(yǔ)言點(diǎn):①agree，②suffer，③with短語(yǔ)，④整句結(jié)構(gòu)。參考譯文:泰悟士報(bào)持相同觀點(diǎn)，聲稱(chēng)隨著學(xué)生數(shù)的猛增及周密的導(dǎo)師制管理模式為歐洲大學(xué)特有的規(guī)模生產(chǎn)方式所替代，教育質(zhì)量已大受影響。

　　附閱讀理解參考答案:

　　1.A 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.A